Edward SnowdenEdward Joseph Snowden, né le à Elizabeth City (Caroline du Nord), est un informaticien et lanceur d'alerte américano-russe. Ancien employé de la Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) et de la National Security Agency (NSA), il a révélé l'existence de plusieurs programmes de surveillance de masse américains et britanniques.
Narus Inc.Narus Inc. was a software company and vendor of big data analytics for cybersecurity. In 1997, Ori Cohen, Vice President of Business and Technology Development for VDONet, founded Narus with Stas Khirman in Israel. Presently, they are employed with Deutsche Telekom AG and are not members of Narus' executive team. In 2010, Narus became a subsidiary of Boeing, located in Sunnyvale, California. In 2015, Narus was sold to Symantec. Here are some of the key events in Narus's history: 1997: Narus is founded.
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement ActThe Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), also known as the "Digital Telephony Act," is a United States wiretapping law passed in 1994, during the presidency of Bill Clinton (Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279, codified at 47 USC 1001-1010). CALEA's purpose is to enhance the ability of law enforcement agencies to conduct lawful interception of communication by requiring that telecommunications carriers and manufacturers of telecommunications equipment modify and design their equipment, facilities, and services to ensure that they have built-in capabilities for targeted surveillance, allowing federal agencies to selectively wiretap any telephone traffic; it has since been extended to cover broadband Internet and VoIP traffic.
Total Information Awareness1 Total Information Awareness (TIA) was a mass detection program by the United States Information Awareness Office. It operated under this title from February to May 2003 before being renamed Terrorism Information Awareness. Based on the concept of predictive policing, TIA was meant to correlate detailed information about people in order to anticipate and prevent terrorist incidents before execution. The program modeled specific information sets in the hunt for terrorists around the globe.
Computer and network surveillanceComputer and network surveillance is the monitoring of computer activity and data stored locally on a computer or data being transferred over computer networks such as the Internet. This monitoring is often carried out covertly and may be completed by governments, corporations, criminal organizations, or individuals. It may or may not be legal and may or may not require authorization from a court or other independent government agencies. Computer and network surveillance programs are widespread today and almost all Internet traffic can be monitored.
List of government mass surveillance projectsThis is a list of government surveillance projects and related databases throughout the world. ECHELON: A signals intelligence (SIGINT) collection and analysis network operated on behalf of the five signatory states to the UKUSA Security Agreement. Data Retention Directive: A directive requiring EU member states to store citizens' telecommunications data for six to 24 months and allowing police and security agencies to request access from a court to details such as IP address and time of use of every email, phone call, and text message sent or received.
Mass surveillanceMass surveillance is the intricate surveillance of an entire or a substantial fraction of a population in order to monitor that group of citizens. The surveillance is often carried out by local and federal governments or governmental organizations, such as organizations like the NSA, but it may also be carried out by corporations (either on behalf of governments or at their own initiative). Depending on each nation's laws and judicial systems, the legality of and the permission required to engage in mass surveillance varies.
SurveillanceLa surveillance est l'acte d’observer des activités (humaines en général) ou un lieu. Techniquement, on parle aussi de supervision ou de monitoring. Secrète ou évidente, elle est ancienne ; il y a , L'Art de la guerre de Sun Tzu, décrivait comment utiliser des espions contre des ennemis. Récemment, l’électronique moderne et la technologie informatique, conjointement au développement des satellites, de l'internet et du smartphone ont ouvert de nouveaux champs et moyens à la surveillance (individuelle ou de masse).
National Security AgencyLa National Security Agency (NSA, « Agence nationale de la sécurité ») est un organisme gouvernemental du département de la Défense des États-Unis, responsable du renseignement d'origine électromagnétique et de la sécurité des systèmes d'information du gouvernement américain. Le Central Security Service (CSS) est une agence qui loge dans les mêmes bureaux que la NSA et qui a été créée dans le but de coordonner les efforts des sections de cryptographie de la NSA et de l'armée des États-Unis.
