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Concept
Quantization (image processing)
Résumé
Quantization, involved in , is a lossy compression technique achieved by compressing a range of values to a single quantum (discrete) value. When the number of discrete symbols in a given stream is reduced, the stream becomes more compressible. For example, reducing the number of colors required to represent a digital makes it possible to reduce its file size. Specific applications include DCT data quantization in JPEG and DWT data quantization in JPEG 2000.
Color quantization
Color quantization reduces the number of colors used in an image; this is important for displaying images on devices that support a limited number of colors and for efficiently compressing certain kinds of images. Most bitmap editors and many operating systems have built-in support for color quantization. Popular modern color quantization algorithms include the nearest color algorithm (for fixed palettes), the median cut algorithm, and an algorithm based on octrees.
It is common to combine color quantization with dithering to create an impression of a larger number of colors and eliminate banding artifacts.
The human eye is fairly good at seeing small differences in brightness over a relatively large area, but not so good at distinguishing the exact strength of a high frequency (rapidly varying) brightness variation. This fact allows one to reduce the amount of information required by ignoring the high frequency components. This is done by simply dividing each component in the frequency domain by a constant for that component, and then rounding to the nearest integer. This is the main lossy operation in the whole process. As a result of this, it is typically the case that many of the higher frequency components are rounded to zero, and many of the rest become small positive or negative numbers.
As human vision is also more sensitive to luminance than chrominance, further compression can be obtained by working in a non-RGB color space which separates the two (e.g., YCbCr), and quantizing the channels separately.
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Proximité ontologique
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Concepts associés (9)
JPEG 2000
JPEG 2000 ou ISO/CEI 15444-1, abrégé JP2 (quelquefois J2K), est une norme de compression d’ commune à l’ISO, la CEI et l’UIT-T, développée entre 1997 et 2000, et créée par le groupe de travail Joint Photographic Experts Group. Depuis mai 2015, il est officiellement reconnu par l'ISO / CEI et l'UIT-T sous le code ISO/IEC CD 15444. JPEG 2000 peut travailler avec ou sans perte, en utilisant des transformées en ondelettes (méthode d’analyse mathématique du signal), dont la décomposition est similaire à la transformée de Fourier à court terme.
Quantification (signal)
En traitement des signaux, la quantification est le procédé qui permet d'approcher un signal continu par les valeurs d'un ensemble discret d'assez petite taille. On parle aussi de quantification pour approcher un signal à valeurs dans un ensemble discret de grande taille par un ensemble plus restreint. L'application la plus courante de la quantification est la conversion analogique-numérique mais elle doit le développement de sa théorie aux problèmes de quantification pour la compression de signaux audio ou .
Compression artifact
A compression artifact (or artefact) is a noticeable distortion of media (including , audio, and video) caused by the application of lossy compression. Lossy data compression involves discarding some of the media's data so that it becomes small enough to be stored within the desired or transmitted (streamed) within the available bandwidth (known as the data rate or bit rate). If the compressor cannot store enough data in the compressed version, the result is a loss of quality, or introduction of artifacts.
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