Avian malaria is a parasitic disease of birds, caused by parasite species belonging to the genera Plasmodium and Hemoproteus (phylum Apicomplexa, class Haemosporidia, family Plasmoiidae). The disease is transmitted by a dipteran vector including mosquitoes in the case of Plasmodium parasites and biting midges for Hemoproteus. The range of symptoms and effects of the parasite on its bird hosts is very wide, from asymptomatic cases to drastic population declines due to the disease, as is the case of the Hawaiian honeycreepers. The diversity of parasites is large, as it is estimated that there are approximately as many parasites as there are species of hosts. Co-speciation and host switching events have contributed to the broad range of hosts that these parasites can infect, causing avian malaria to be a widespread global disease, found everywhere except Antarctica.
Avian malaria is most notably caused by Plasmodium relictum, a protist that infects birds in all parts of the world apart from Antarctica. There are several other species of Plasmodium that infect birds, such as Plasmodium anasum and Plasmodium gallinaceum, but these are of less importance except, in occasional cases, for the poultry industry. The disease is found worldwide, with important exceptions. Usually, it does not kill birds. However, in areas where avian malaria is newly introduced, such as the islands of Hawaiʻi, it can be devastating to birds that have lost evolutionary resistance over time.
Avian malaria is a vector-transmitted disease caused by protozoa in the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus; these parasites reproduce asexually within bird hosts and both asexually and sexually within their insect vectors, which include mosquitoes (Culicidae), biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), and louse flies (Hippoboscidae). The blood-parasites of the genus Plasmodium and Haemoproteus, encompass an extremely diverse group of pathogens with global distribution. The large number of parasite lineages along with their wide range of potential host species and the pathogen's capacity for host switching makes the study of this system extremely complex.
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In epidemiology, a disease vector is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen to another living organism; agents regarded as vectors are organisms, such as parasites or microbes. The first major discovery of a disease vector came from Ronald Ross in 1897, who discovered the malaria pathogen when he dissected a mosquito. Arthropods form a major group of pathogen vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks, and mites transmitting a huge number of pathogens.
vignette Plasmodium est un genre de protozoaires parasites, dont cinq espèces causent le paludisme chez l'être humain. Le parasite est transmis à l’homme par une piqûre d’anophèle (genre de moustique majoritairement présent en régions chaudes). Chez l’être humain et les autres animaux, il infecte en premier lieu les hépatocytes et ensuite, au cours du cycle parasitaire, les érythrocytes. D'autres espèces de Plasmodium ont été retrouvées chez divers animaux endothermes comme les singes, les oiseaux mais aussi ectothermes comme les lézards.
thumb|Le dodo, un oiseau de l'Île Maurice, s'est éteint vers la fin du après que les humains eurent détruit les forêts où les oiseaux faisaient leur nid et introduit des animaux qui mangeaient leurs œufs. Il est souvent cité comme exemple d'extinction moderne Lextinction de l'Holocène (aussi nommée sixième extinction ou entrée dans l'Anthropocène) est le nom donné habituellement à l'extinction massive et étendue des espèces durant l'époque contemporaine, dite « moderne », de l'Holocène, qui continue actuellement.
Despite an unprecedented 2 decades of success, the combat against malaria - the mosquito-transmitted disease caused by Plasmodium parasites - is no longer progressing. Efforts toward eradication are threatened by the lack of an effective vaccine and a rise ...
Background Low-density (LD)Plasmodiuminfections are missed by standard malaria rapid diagnostic tests (standard mRDT) when the blood antigen concentration is below the detection threshold. The clinical impact of these LD infections is unknown. This study i ...
2020
Computational studies of metabolism aim to systematically analyze the metabolic behaviour of biological systems in different conditions. Genome-scale metabolic network models (GEMs) capture the connection between elements of the network by applying stoichi ...