Corridor biologique

Résumé

L’expression corridor biologique (ou « biocorridor ») ou corridor écologique désigne un ou des milieux reliant fonctionnellement entre eux différents habitats vitaux pour une espèce, une population, une métapopulation ou un groupe d’espèces ou métacommunauté (habitats). Ces unités qui tranchent dans l'espace environnant en raison de leur configuration linéaire relativement étroite, de caractère végétal (haies, chemins et bords de chemins, ripisylves…), topographique (vallon, cours d’eau…) ou immatériel (corridor biologique sous-marin) et qui relient d'autres unités plus massives mais de nature analogue, créent une continuité qui permet la circulation des espèces animales et la dispersion des propagules végétales ou fongiques sans qu'elles s'exposent à un milieu plus hostile. Les corridors faunistiques constituent en outre des sites de refuge (contre les prédateurs), de reproduction, de nourrissage, de repos, d'hivernation. Ces structures écopaysagè

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Cours associés (1)

Le cours traite les interactions entre l'hydraulique, le transport solide par charriage et l'espace cours d'eau à l'origine de la morphologie et de la richesse des habitats. La théorie de régime est présentée et l'évaluation de la qualité des habitats d'un cours d'eau est effectuée.

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, , ,

We propose an important extension of a previously studied, spatially explicit and hydrology-driven, model of cholera spreading. Our reformulation concerns the role of different modelizations of human movement on the overall dynamics of the epidemics, which were previously expressed synthetically by bacterial diffusion. The system is composed of three compartments: susceptible and infected components, Vibrio cholerae dispersion and reaction dynamics. The underlying spatial framework is based on a reaction-diffusion scheme, which is applied, for simplicity, to ecological corridors modelled as one-dimensional lattices mimicking river reaches. In this geometry, we are able to predict important features of disease propagation, like the analytical evaluation of the spreading celerity of travelling fronts of epidemics. The explicit mechanism of human movement presented here leads to a comparison with previous approaches, revealing notable differences in how cholera spreads in space and time along the system. Studying human movement allows the analysis of specific quantities useful to policy makers and epidemiologists, such as the value of human diffusion which can generate upstream propagation of the disease. A robust relationship among key parameters, which links together diffusion mechanism, drift speed and resulting epidemic intensity, is also shown.

2011

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Modelling cholera epidemics: the role of waterways, human mobility and sanitation

Enrico Bertuzzo, Marino Gatto, Lorenzo Mari, Lorenzo Righetto, Andrea Rinaldo

We investigate the role of human mobility as a driver for long-range spreading of cholera infections, which primarily propagate through hydrologically controlled ecological corridors. Our aim is to build a spatially explicit model of a disease epidemic, which is relevant to both social and scientific issues. We present a two-layer network model that accounts for the interplay between epidemiological dynamics, hydrological transport and long-distance dissemination of the pathogen Vibrio cholerae owing to host movement, described here by means of a gravity-model approach. We test our model against epidemiological data recorded during the extensive cholera outbreak occurred in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa during 2000-2001. We show that long-range human movement is fundamental in quantifying otherwise unexplained inter-catchment transport of V. cholerae, thus playing a key role in the formation of regional patterns of cholera epidemics. We also show quantitatively how heterogeneously distributed drinking water supplies and sanitation conditions may affect large-scale cholera transmission, and analyse the effects of different sanitation policies.

2012

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On the role of human mobility in the spread of cholera epidemics: towards an epidemiological movement ecology

Enrico Bertuzzo, Marino Gatto, Lorenzo Mari, Lorenzo Righetto, Andrea Rinaldo

We investigate the role of human mobility as a driver for long-range spreading of cholera infections, which otherwise primarily propagate through hydrologically controlled ecological corridors. We rely on a recent mechanistic, field-data validated, spatially explicit model of disease epidemic made up by a two-layer network model that accounts for the interplay between epidemiological dynamics, hydrological transport and long-distance dissemination of the pathogen Vibrio cholerae due to host movement. Here we extend the original model and probe different schemes of human mobility, possibly accounting also for restriction policies aimed at slowing down the evolution of the outbreak in space and time. We show that long-range human movement is indeed an efficient vector of disease propagation, thus playing a defining role in the formation of regional patterns of cholera epidemics. We conclude that properly designed interventions on human mobility could be an aid to the control of cholera outbreaks and suggest that bridging epidemiology and movement ecology might actually contribute to a better understanding of how waterborne diseases propagate at various scales. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Wiley-Blackwell2012

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