Well drainageWell drainage means drainage of agricultural lands by wells. Agricultural land is drained by pumped wells (vertical drainage) to improve the soils by controlling water table levels and soil salinity. Subsurface (groundwater) drainage for water table and soil salinity in agricultural land can be done by horizontal and vertical drainage systems. Horizontal drainage systems are drainage systems using open ditches (trenches) or buried pipe drains. Vertical drainage systems are drainage systems using pumped wells, either open dug wells or tube wells.
Agricultural hydrologyAgricultural hydrology is the study of water balance components intervening in agricultural water management, especially in irrigation and drainage. The water balance components can be grouped into components corresponding to zones in a vertical cross-section in the soil forming reservoirs with inflow, outflow and storage of water: the surface reservoir (S) the root zone or unsaturated (vadose zone) (R) with mainly vertical flows the aquifer (Q) with mainly horizontal flows a transition zone (T) in which vertical and horizontal flows are converted The general water balance reads: inflow = outflow + change of storage and it is applicable to each of the reservoirs or a combination thereof.
Hydromorphievignette|196x196px|Sol hydromorphe. Lhydromorphie, appelée aussi hydromorphisme, est la qualité d'un sol qui montre des marques physiques de saturation régulière en eau, généralement durant l'hiver. L'hydromorphie occasionne l'asphyxie de la microfaune et de la microflore, provoque la disparition des bactéries aérobies au profit des bactéries anaérobies à l'origine de la production de nitrites (bactéries dénitrifiantes), de la déstructuration des argiles et du complexe argilo-humique qui entraîne la libération des cations Fe3+ et Al3+, substances toxiques et allélopathiques.
Salinisationthumb|upright=1.2|Un exemple de salinisation dans le Colorado La salinisation est l'accumulation des sels hydrosolubles (potassium, magnésium, calcium, chlore, sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate) dans les sols à des niveaux toxiques pour la plupart des plantes, animaux et champignons. La sodification est l'augmentation dans les sols de sels à haute teneur en sodium. La salinisation et la sodification sont devenue une cause importante de désertification, d'érosion et de dégradation des sols et de l'agriculture et plus largement de la biodiversité.
DrainageLe terme « drainage » n’apparaît pas avant le en français. « Drainage », de même que « drainer », « drain », « draineur », sont empruntés à l'anglais au milieu (anglicismes). Le terme en français a d'abord eu une connotation agricole, d'assainissement des terres pour l'agriculture. Le mot provient du vieil anglais « dreahnian », « to drain, strain out » « égoutter », du proto-germanique *dreug-, à l'origine des mots « drought », sécheresse, ou « dry », sec, donnant au mot anglais « drainage » d'origine, le sens de « make dry », « sécher ».
SahysModSahysMod is a computer program for the prediction of the salinity of soil moisture, groundwater and drainage water, the depth of the watertable, and the drain discharge in irrigated agricultural lands, using different hydrogeologic and aquifer conditions, varying water management options, including the use of ground water for irrigation, and several crop rotation schedules, whereby the spatial variations are accounted for through a network of polygons.
Lixiviation (agriculture)En agriculture, la lixiviation (plus communément appelé lessivage) désigne la perte de nutriments végétaux hydrosolubles du sol, qui sont dissous et entraînés par les eaux d'infiltration à la suite de pluie ou d'irrigation. Différents facteurs sont à prendre en compte pour éviter la perte excessive d'éléments nutritifs, parmi lesquels la structure du sol, l'ensemencement, les types d'engrais utilisés et leurs doses d'application.
Groundwater modelGroundwater models are computer models of groundwater flow systems, and are used by hydrologists and hydrogeologists. Groundwater models are used to simulate and predict aquifer conditions. An unambiguous definition of "groundwater model" is difficult to give, but there are many common characteristics. A groundwater model may be a scale model or an electric model of a groundwater situation or aquifer. Groundwater models are used to represent the natural groundwater flow in the environment.
Drainage system (agriculture)An agricultural drainage system is a system by which water is drained on or in the soil to enhance agricultural production of crops. It may involve any combination of stormwater control, erosion control, and watertable control. While there are more than two types of drainage systems employed in agriculture, there are two main types: (1) surface drainage and (2) sub-surface drainage. Figure 1 classifies the various types of drainage systems. It shows the field (or internal) and the main (or external) systems.
Watertable controlIn geotechnical engineering, watertable control is the practice of controlling the height of the water table by drainage. Its main applications are in agricultural land (to improve the crop yield using agricultural drainage systems) and in cities to manage the extensive underground infrastructure that includes the foundations of large buildings, underground transit systems, and extensive utilities (water supply networks, sewerage, storm drains, and underground electrical grids).
