Accessibilité du web | EPFL Graph Search

L'accessibilité du web est la problématique de l'accès aux contenus et services web par les personnes handicapées (déficients visuels, sourds, malentendants, etc.) et plus généralement par tous les utilisateurs, quels que soient leurs dispositifs d’accès (mobile, tablette, etc.) ou leurs conditions d’environnement (niveau sonore, éclairement). Les pratiques d'accessibilité cherchent à réduire ou supprimer les obstacles qui empêchent les utilisateurs d'accéder à des contenus ou d'interagir avec des services. Par exemple, en ajoutant un texte de remplacement aux images, qui permet aux déficients visuels d'accéder à l'information même sans voir l'image. L'accessibilité est définie par des normes techniques établies par la Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) du World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Elle nécessite un traitement tout au long du cycle de vie d'un site web, par l'ensemble de ses acteurs, via des méthodes d'applications, des référentiels métiers et une démarche de suivi. . C

Accessibility Futures

Paul Richard Anderson

This study uses accessibility as a performance measure to evaluate a matrix of future land use and network scenarios for planning purposes. The concept of accessibility dates to the 1950s, but this type of application to transportation planning is new. Previous research has established the coevolution of transportation and land use, demonstrated the dependence of accessibility on both, and made the case for the use of accessibility measures as a planning tool. This study builds off of these findings by demonstrating the use of accessibility-based performance measures in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. This choice of performance measure also allows for transit and highway networks to be compared side-by-side. For roadway modeling, zone-to-zone travel time matrix was computed using stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) assignment with travel time feedback to trip distribution. A database of schedules was used on the transit networks to assign transit routes. This travel time data was joined with the land use data from each scenario to obtain the employment, population, and labor accessibility from each traffic analysis zone (TAZ) within specified time ranges. Tables of person-weighted accessibility were computed for 20 minutes with zone population as the weight for employment accessibility and zone employment as the weight for population and labor accessibility. Maps of accessibility by zone were produced to show the spatial distribution of accessibility across the region. The results show that a scenario where population and employment growth are concentrated in the center of the metropolitan area would produce the highest accessibility no matter which transportation network changes are made. However, another scenario which concentrates population growth in the center of the metropolitan area and shifts employment growth to the periphery consistently outperforms the scenario representing the projected 2030 land use without any growth management strategy.

Wiley-Blackwell2013

Transposable elements and their KZFP controllers are drivers of transcriptional innovation in the developing human brain

Alexandre Coudray, Sagane Dind, Julien Léonard Duc, Evaristo Jose Planet Letschert, Christopher James Playfoot, Shaoline Sheppard, Didier Trono

Transposable elements (TEs) account for more than 50% of the human genome and many have been co-opted throughout evolution to provide regulatory functions for gene expression networks. Several lines of evidence suggest that these networks are fine-tuned by the largest family of TE controllers, the KRAB-containing zinc finger proteins (KZFPs). One tissue permissive for TE transcriptional activation (termed "transposcription") is the adult human brain, however comprehensive studies on the extent of this process and its potential contribution to human brain development are lacking. To elucidate the spatiotemporal transposcriptome of the developing human brain, we have analyzed two independent RNA-seq data sets encompassing 16 brain regions from eight weeks postconception into adulthood. We reveal a distinct KZFP:TE transcriptional profile defining the late prenatal to early postnatal transition, and the spatiotemporal and cell type-specific activation of TE-derived alternative promoters driving the expression of neurogenesis-associated genes. Long-read sequencing confirmed these TE-driven isoforms as significant contributors to neurogenic transcripts. We also show experimentally that a co-opted antisense L2 element drives temporal protein relocalization away from the endoplasmic reticulum, suggestive of novel TE dependent protein function in primate evolution. This work highlights the widespread dynamic nature of the spatiotemporal KZFP:TE transcriptome and its importance throughout TE mediated genome innovation and neurotypical human brain development. To facilitate interactive exploration of these spatiotemporal gene and TE expression dynamics, we provide the "Brain TExplorer" web application freely accessible for the community.

COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS, PUBLICATIONS DEPT2021

Photocontrolled release of the anticancer drug chlorambucil with caged harmonic nanoparticles

Luigi Bonacina, Raphaël Jovita De Matos, Sandrine Gerber, Jérémy Vuilleumier, Jean-Pierre Wolf

While chemotherapy is one of the most used treatments in oncology, the systemic administration of chemotherapeutics generally results in undesired damages to healthy tissues and cells, side effects such as severe nausea and leukopenia, and reduced efficacy due to multidrug resistance and poor target accessibility. The limitations of conventional chemotherapy formulation has prompted the development of alternative nanomaterials-based strategies to achieve targeted and stimuli sensitive payload delivery to reach optimal local drug concentration at tumor sites. In this study, the anticancer drug chlorambucil (Clb) was conjugated to the surface of silica coated lithium niobate (LNO) harmonic nanoparticles (HNPs) using a photocaging tether based on coumarin-4-yl methyl derivative. Upon laser pulsed femtosecond irradiation at 790 nm, the second harmonic emission from the metal oxide core induced the efficient release of Clb, with concomitant contribution from the nonlinear absorption of the coumarin (CM)-based moiety.