Benzyle

In organic chemistry, benzyl is the substituent or molecular fragment possessing the structure . Benzyl features a benzene ring () attached to a methylene group () group. In IUPAC nomenclature, the prefix benzyl refers to a substituent, for example benzyl chloride or benzyl benzoate. Benzyl is not to be confused with phenyl with the formula . The term benzylic is used to describe the position of the first carbon bonded to a benzene or other aromatic ring. For example, is referred to as a "benzylic" carbocation. The benzyl free radical has the formula . The benzyl cation or phenylcarbenium ion is the carbocation with formula ; the benzyl anion or phenylmethanide ion is the carbanion with the formula . None of these species can be formed in significant amounts in the solution phase under normal conditions, but they are useful referents for discussion of reaction mechanisms and may exist as reactive intermediates. Benzyl is most commonly abbreviated Bn. For example, benzyl alcohol can be represented as BnOH. Less common abbreviations are Bzl and Bz, the latter of which is ambiguous as it is also the standard abbreviation for the benzoyl group . Likewise, benzyl should not be confused with the phenyl group , abbreviated Ph. The enhanced reactivity of benzylic positions is attributed to the low bond dissociation energy for benzylic C−H bonds. Specifically, the bond is about 10–15% weaker than other kinds of C−H bonds. The neighboring aromatic ring stabilizes benzyl radicals. The data tabulated below compare benzylic C−H bond to related C−H bond strengths. The weakness of the C−H bond reflects the stability of the benzylic radical. For related reasons, benzylic substituents exhibit enhanced reactivity, as in oxidation, free radical halogenation, or hydrogenolysis. As a practical example, in the presence of suitable catalysts, p-xylene oxidizes exclusively at the benzylic positions to give terephthalic acid: CH3C6H4CH3 + 3 O2 -> HO2CC6H4CO2H + 2 H2O Millions of tonnes of terephthalic acid are produced annually by this method.

Fluorene-based enamines as low-cost and dopant-free hole transporting materials for high performance and stable perovskite solar cells

Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin, Kasparas Rakstys, Albertus Adrian Sutanto

The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells is approaching the Shockley-Queisser limit, and therefore this technology is next to the commercialization stage. Inexpensive and stable hole transporting materials are highly desirable for the succ ...

ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY2021

Fluorene-based enamines as low-cost and dopant-free hole transporting materials for high performance and stable perovskite solar cells

Catalyst design for C-O bond hydrogenolysis of renewable materials.

Fluorene-based enamines as low-cost and dopant-free hole transporting materials for high performance and stable perovskite solar cells

Catalyst design for C-O bond hydrogenolysis of renewable materials.