Énergie de dissociation d'une liaison

vignette|Animation de la dissociation d'une molécule diatomique AB en deux atomes A et B En chimie, l'énergie de dissociation d'une liaison (D0) réfère à l'une des mesures de l'énergie d'une liaison chimique. Elle correspond au changement d'enthalpie lors d'un clivage homolytique avec des réactifs et des produits de la réaction d'homolyse à 0 K (zéro absolu). D'ailleurs, l'énergie de dissociation d'une liaison est parfois appelée l'enthalpie de dissociation d'une liaison. Cependant, ces termes ne sont pas strictement équivalents car l'enthalpie de dissociation d'une liaison réfère à la réaction de dissociation dans les conditions normales de température et de pression. Cela amène une différence d'environ 1,5 kilocalorie par mole (kcal/mol), ou 6 kJ/mol, dans le cas d'une liaison hydrogène dans une grande molécule organique. Exemple L'énergie de dissociation de l'un des liens C–H de l'éthane (C2H6) est donnée par la réaction : CH3CH2–H → CH3CH2· + H· D0 = ΔH = 101,1 kcal/

Mechanism and Kinetics of Propane Dehydrogenation and Cracking over Ga/H-MFI Prepared via Vapor-Phase Exchange of H-MFI with GaCI3

Matthieu Bondil

In this study, the mechanism and kinetics of C3H8 dehydrogenation and cracking are examined over Ga/H-MFI catalysts prepared via vapor-phase exchange of H-MFI with GaCl3. The present study demonstrates that GaH cations are the active centers for C3H8 dehydrogenation and cracking, independent of the Ga/A1 ratio. For identical reaction conditions, GaH cations in Ga/H-MFI exhibit a turnover frequency for C3H8 dehydrogenation that is 2 orders of magnitude higher and for C3H8 cracking, that is 1 order of magnitude higher than the corresponding turnover frequencies over H-MFI. C3H8 dehydrogenation and cracking exhibit first-order kinetics with respect to C3H8 over H-MFI, but both reactions exhibit first-order kinetics over Ga/H-MFI only at very low C3H8 partial pressures and zero-order kinetics at higher C3H8 partial pressures. H-2 inhibits both reactions over Ga/H-MFI. It is also found that the ratio of the rate of dehydrogenation to the rate of cracking over Ga/H-MFI is independent of C3H8 and H-2 partial pressures but weakly dependent on temperature. Measured activation enthalpies together with theoretical analysis are consistent with a mechanism in which both the dehydrogenation and cracking of C3H8 proceed over Ga/H-MFI via reversible, heterolytic dissociation of C3H8 at GaH sites to form C3H7-GaH-H+ cation pairs. The rate-determining step for dehydrogenation is the beta-hydride elimination of C3H6 and H-2 from the C3H7 fragment. The rate-determining step for cracking is C-C bond attack of the same propyl fragment by the proximal Bronsted acid O-H group. H-2 inhibits both dehydrogenation and cracking over Ga/H-MFI via reaction with GaH cations to form GaH2-H+ cation pairs.

2019

Bond-selective and surface-site-specific dissociation of methane on platinum

Ana Gutiérrez González

I present a molecular beam study of methane dissociation on differ-ent surface sites of several platinum single crystal surfaces (Pt(111), Pt(211), Pt(210), Pt(110)-(2x1)). The experiments were performed in a molecular beam/surface-science apparatus that combines rovibrational state-selective excitation of reactants with detection of the reaction products by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and King and Wells (K&W) technique. First, I explore how the barrier for methane dissociation depends on the Pt surface site (terrace, step, kink, and ridge atoms). For that, I compare the average reaction probabilities of methane on the different crystals using K&W. Moreover, I used the site-specific detection of chemisorbed methyl species by RAIRS to obtain the site-specific reactivity on steps, ridges and terraces. The highest methane reactivity and therefore the lowest barrier was observed for the surface atoms with the lowest coordination. The trans-lational energy dependence of the reactivity shows clear evidence for a direct activated mechanism on all the surface sites studied. The decreasing catalyt-ic activity for Pt atoms with increasing coordination number agrees well with theoretical predictions using first principles quantum theory calculations. Second, I present the role of rovibrational excitation of the incident methane on the chemisorption on different surface sites. For CH4, excitation of one quantum of the antisymmetric C-H stretch vibration (Îœ3) was found to be less efficient than an equivalent amount of translational energy normal to the sur-face for promoting the dissociation on all the surface sites. The vibrational efficacy was seen to be lower for dissociation on the low coordinated sites, in accordance with calculations of transition state geometries. For CH3D, the excitation of the antisymmetric C-H stretch vibration (Îœ4) led to bond selec-tivity on the steps and terraces of the Pt(211) surface. These results show how careful control of the translational energy and rovibrational state of the incident CH3D can be used for site-specific and bond-selective dissociation of methane. As predicted previously by theory but not observed before experi-mentally, the C-H bond selectivity is shown to decrease with increasing translational energy. Third, I explore the effect of surface temperature on the methane dissocia-tion. The sticking coefficient for a direct chemisorption reaction such as CH4 on Pt, might be expected to be independent of surface temperature, because the reaction happens very fast leaving very little time for the molecule to equilibrate with the surface. However, I observed an increase in methane reactivity with increasing surface temperature at low incident CH4 energies. This observation is interpreted by a âloss of coordinationâ from the atoms displaced out of the plane due to their vibrational motion when the surface is heated. The surface-site and quantum-state-specific data presented in this thesis are ideally suitable for testing theoretical models that aim to describe the me-thane-surface reaction at the microscopic level. Moreover, the characteriza-tion of different catalytically active sites for methane dissociation contrib-utes to advancing the understanding of methane reactivity towards real cata-lytic conditions, where surfaces with several different atomic terminations are used.

EPFL2019

Accurate bond dissociation energy of water determined by triple-resonance vibrational spectroscopy and ab initio calculations

Oleg Aseev, Pavlo Maksyutenko, Thomas Rizzo

Triple-resonance vibrational spectroscopy is used to determine the lowest dissociation energy, D0, for the water isotopologue HD16O as 41 239.7 ± 0.2 cm−1 and to improve D0 for H216O to 41 145.92 ± 0.12 cm−1. Ab initio calculations including systematic basis set and electron correlation convergence studies, relativistic and Lamb shift effects as well as corrections beyond the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, agree with the measured values to 1 and 2 cm−1 respectively. The improved treatment of high-order correlation terms is key to this high theoretical accuracy. Predicted values for D0 for the other five major water isotopologues are expected to be correct within 1 cm−1.

Elsevier2013

Bond-selective and surface-site-specific dissociation of methane on platinum

Ana Gutiérrez González

EPFL2019