Lunar distance (navigation)In celestial navigation, lunar distance is the angular distance between the Moon and another celestial body. The lunar distances method uses this angle, also called a lunar, and a nautical almanac to calculate Greenwich time if so desired, or by extension any other time. That calculated time can be used in solving a spherical triangle. The theory was first published by Johannes Werner in 1524, before the necessary almanacs had been published. A fuller method was published in 1763 and used until about 1850 when it was superseded by the marine chronometer.
Méridien de Greenwichvignette|droite|Emplacement du méridien de Greenwich (ligne rouge verticale) sur un planisphère Le méridien de Greenwich est le méridien qui sert de référence internationale de longitude, d'où son nom de « méridien origine ». Néanmoins, c'est le méridien de référence de l'IERS (IRM = « en ») situé à une centaine de mètres qui sert, par exemple, de référence pour le système de géolocalisation GPS, le système géodésique WGS 84, pour toutes les cartes marines de l'organisation hydrographique internationale depuis 1983 et, également, pour la navigation aérienne par l'organisation de l'aviation civile internationale depuis 1989.
Échelle de tempsA time standard is a specification for measuring time: either the rate at which time passes or points in time or both. In modern times, several time specifications have been officially recognized as standards, where formerly they were matters of custom and practice. An example of a kind of time standard can be a time scale, specifying a method for measuring divisions of time. A standard for civil time can specify both time intervals and time-of-day.
