Null-subject languageIn linguistic typology, a null-subject language is a language whose grammar permits an independent clause to lack an explicit subject; such a clause is then said to have a null subject. In the principles and parameters framework, the null subject is controlled by the pro-drop parameter, which is either on or off for a particular language. Typically, null-subject languages express person, number, and/or gender agreement with the referent on the verb, rendering a subject noun phrase redundant.
Pronom personnel en françaisEn grammaire française, le pronom personnel est une catégorie de pronoms servant à désigner les trois types de personnes grammaticales. La classification des pronoms en trois personnes distinctes a été héritée de la culture grecque qui appelait Personae les figurations réalisées par la flexion verbale. Image:PronomPersonnel2Je.png|vignette|Je. Image:PronomPersonnel2Tu.png|vignette|Tu. Image:PronomPersonnel2Il.png|vignette|Il. Image:PronomPersonnel2Elle.png|vignette|Elle. Les trois personnes grammaticales sont : 1.
Copule (linguistique)En syntaxe de la phrase simple, une copule est un mot qui, dans la phrase, relie le sujet à son attribut. Dans des langues comme les langues indo-européennes, la copule est un verbe et l’attribut est un mot de nature nominale (nom, pronom, adjectif, numéral) ou employé avec une valeur nominale (verbe au participe ou à l’infinitif, adverbe). Avec celui-ci, le verbe copulatif à un mode personnel forme le prédicat de la phrase. À une forme nominale (un mode impersonnel), comme l’infinitif et le participe, le verbe copulatif forme avec l’attribut une construction nominale, ex.
Topic and commentIn linguistics, the topic, or theme, of a sentence is what is being talked about, and the comment (rheme or focus) is what is being said about the topic. This division into old vs. new content is called information structure. It is generally agreed that clauses are divided into topic vs. comment, but in certain cases the boundary between them depends on which specific grammatical theory is being used to analyze the sentence. The topic of a sentence is distinct from the grammatical subject.
Dummy pronounA dummy pronoun is a deictic pronoun that fulfills a syntactical requirement without providing a contextually explicit meaning of its referent. As such, it is an example of exophora. Dummy pronouns are used in many Germanic languages, including German and English. Pronoun-dropping languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and Turkish do not require dummy pronouns.
Langue polysynthétiqueUne langue polysynthétique est, en typologie morphologique, une langue hautement synthétique, dans laquelle chaque mot est composé de nombreux morphèmes. Les mots de ces langues sont souvent très longs et peuvent même correspondre à des phrases entières dans d'autres langues moins synthétiques. Dans de nombreuses langues qui sont considérées comme polysynthétiques, les verbes ont des formes multiples destinées à refléter le sujet et le complément d'objet. Une telle variété de formes peut être obtenue par divers procédés.
Principles and parametersPrinciples and parameters is a framework within generative linguistics in which the syntax of a natural language is described in accordance with general principles (i.e. abstract rules or grammars) and specific parameters (i.e. markers, switches) that for particular languages are either turned on or off. For example, the position of heads in phrases is determined by a parameter. Whether a language is head-initial or head-final is regarded as a parameter which is either on or off for particular languages (i.
Reflexive verbIn grammar, a reflexive verb is, loosely, a verb whose direct object is the same as its subject, for example, "I wash myself". More generally, a reflexive verb has the same semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object). For example, the English verb to perjure is reflexive, since one can only perjure oneself. In a wider sense, the term refers to any verb form whose grammatical object is a reflexive pronoun, regardless of semantics; such verbs are also more broadly referred to as pronominal verbs, especially in the grammar of the Romance languages.
PossessiveA possessive or ktetic form (abbreviated or ; from possessivus; κτητικός) is a word or grammatical construction indicating a relationship of possession in a broad sense. This can include strict ownership, or a number of other types of relation to a greater or lesser degree analogous to it. Most European languages feature possessive forms associated with personal pronouns, like the English my, mine, your, yours, his and so on. There are two main ways in which these can be used (and a variety of terminologies for each): Together with a noun, as in my car, your sisters, his boss.
