Pénétrancevignette|Schéma illustrant le phénomène de pénétrance : même avec un génotype Cc identique, les enfants de la génération F1 n'expriment pas tous le même phénotype (représentés en blanc et en orange) La pénétrance, en génétique, est la portion d'individus possédant un génotype donné qui exprime le phénotype correspondant . La pénétrance varie selon l'âge, . Elle est à différencier de l'expressivité qui définit le degré de l'expression d'un phénotype (son intensité) chez l'individu possédant le génotype correspondant.
Mendelian errorA Mendelian error in the genetic analysis of a species, describes an allele in an individual which could not have been received from either of its biological parents by Mendelian inheritance. Inheritance is defined by a set of related individuals who have the same or similar phenotypes for a locus of a particular gene. A Mendelian error means that the very structure of the inheritance as defined by analysis of the parental genes is incorrect: one parent of one individual is not actually the parent indicated; therefore the assumption is that the parental information is incorrect.
Mosaïque (génétique)vignette|Le Croton, exemple de mosaïcisme chromosomique qui s'exprime au niveau de la variégation de la couleur de ses feuilles. La mosaïque, appelée aussi le mosaïcisme, correspond à la coexistence, chez un même individu, de deux ou plusieurs populations cellulaires de génotypes différents (caryotypes différents dans le cas du mosaïcisme chromosomique), toutes dérivées d'un même œuf fécondé. Dans le cas de maladie génétique, un individu peut avoir à la fois des cellules saines et des cellules présentant une anomalie génétique.
HaploinsufficiencyHaploinsufficiency in genetics describes a model of dominant gene action in diploid organisms, in which a single copy of the wild-type allele at a locus in heterozygous combination with a variant allele is insufficient to produce the wild-type phenotype. Haploinsufficiency may arise from a de novo or inherited loss-of-function mutation in the variant allele, such that it yields little or no gene product (often a protein). Although the other, standard allele still produces the standard amount of product, the total product is insufficient to produce the standard phenotype.
Genetic associationGenetic association is when one or more genotypes within a population co-occur with a phenotypic trait more often than would be expected by chance occurrence. Studies of genetic association aim to test whether single-locus alleles or genotype frequencies or more generally, multilocus haplotype frequencies differ between two groups of individuals usually diseased subjects and healthy controls). Genetic association studies are based on the principle that genotypes can be compared "directly", i.e.
Genotype-first approachThe genotype-first approach is a type of strategy used in genetic epidemiological studies to associate specific genotypes to apparent clinical phenotypes of a complex disease or trait. As opposed to “phenotype-first”, the traditional strategy that has been guiding genome-wide association studies (GWAS) so far, this approach characterizes individuals first by a statistically common genotype based on molecular tests prior to clinical phenotypic classification.
