Concept
Conditionnement opérant
Concepts associés (41)
Experimental analysis of behavior
The experimental analysis of behavior is a science that studies the behavior of individuals across a variety of species. A key early scientist was B. F. Skinner who discovered operant behavior, reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, contingencies of reinforcement, stimulus control, shaping, intermittent schedules, discrimination, and generalization. A central method was the examination of functional relations between environment and behavior, as opposed to hypothetico-deductive learning theory that had grown up in the comparative psychology of the 1920–1950 period.
Discrete trial training
Discrete trial training (DTT) is a technique used by practitioners of applied behavior analysis (ABA) that was developed by Ivar Lovaas at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). DTT uses direct instruction and reinforcers to create clear contingencies that shape new skills. Often employed as an early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for up to 30–40 hours per week for children with autism, the technique relies on the use of prompts, modeling, and positive reinforcement strategies to facilitate the child's learning.
Relapse
In internal medicine, relapse or recidivism is a recurrence of a past (typically medical) condition. For example, multiple sclerosis and malaria often exhibit peaks of activity and sometimes very long periods of dormancy, followed by relapse or recrudescence. In psychiatry, relapse or reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior, is the recurrence of pathological drug use, self harm or other symptoms after a period of recovery. Relapse is often observed in individuals who have developed a drug addiction or a form of drug dependence, as well as those who have a mental disorder.
Shaping (psychology)
Shaping is a conditioning paradigm used primarily in the experimental analysis of behavior. The method used is differential reinforcement of successive approximations. It was introduced by B. F. Skinner with pigeons and extended to dogs, dolphins, humans and other species. In shaping, the form of an existing response is gradually changed across successive trials towards a desired target behavior by reinforcing exact segments of behavior.
Verbal Behavior
Verbal Behavior ou Comportement verbal est le titre d'un livre de Burrhus Frederic Skinner. Il paraît en 1957, et est une analyse théorique du comportement linguistique du point de vue scientifique de l'analyse du comportement ou behaviorisme. Le comportement linguistique, d'après , obéit aux mêmes règles que d'autres comportements. Il s'en distingue cependant par le fait qu'il n’est pas directement renforcé par l'environnement physique, mais seulement indirectement par le comportement des autres personnes.
Stimulus
Un stimulus dans le domaine de la psychologie expérimentale, de la physiologie et de la biologie, est un événement de nature à déterminer une excitation détectable par une réaction chez un organisme vivant. La psychophysique explore la relation entre les grandeurs physiques mesurables et les perceptions humaines, à travers la réaction de sujets obéissant à une consigne dans des conditions contrôlées. Les expériences répétées un nombre suffisant de fois et avec un nombre suffisant de sujets dégagent des règles de perception valables statistiquement pour l'ensemble de la population.
Self-administration
Self-administration is, in its medical sense, the process of a subject administering a pharmacological substance to themself. A clinical example of this is the subcutaneous "self-injection" of insulin by a diabetic patient. In animal experimentation, self-administration is a form of operant conditioning where the reward is a drug. This drug can be administered remotely through an implanted intravenous line or an intracerebroventricular injection.
Désensibilisation (psychologie)
En psychologie, la désensibilisation désigne une réponse émotionnelle moins réceptive aux stimuli après exposition répétée et prolongée. La désensibilisation est un procédé principalement utilisé pour apprendre à un individu à ne plus craindre une phobie ou anxiété spécifique. Ce procédé a été développé par Mary Cover Jones ainsi que Joseph Wolpe. Bien qu'il existe des médicaments traitant l'anxiété et les craintes ou phobies, l'empirisme se révèle être très efficace, en particulier chez les patients souffrant de dépression ou de schizophrénie.
Théorie de l'apprentissage
Learning theory describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a worldview, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained. Behaviorists look at learning as an aspect of conditioning and advocate a system of rewards and targets in education.
Relational frame theory
Relational frame theory (RFT) is a psychological theory of human language, cognition, and behaviour. It was developed originally by Steven C. Hayes of University of Nevada, Reno and has been extended in research, notably by Dermot Barnes-Holmes and colleagues of Ghent University. Relational frame theory argues that the building block of human language and higher cognition is relating, i.e. the human ability to create bidirectional links between things.