Geothermal power

Résumé

Geothermal power is electrical power generated from geothermal energy. Technologies in use include dry steam power stations, flash steam power stations and binary cycle power stations. Geothermal electricity generation is currently used in 26 countries, while geothermal heating is in use in 70 countries. As of 2019, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounts to 15.4 gigawatts (GW), of which 23.9 percent or 3.68 GW are installed in the United States. International markets grew at an average annual rate of 5 percent over the three years to 2015, and global geothermal power capacity is expected to reach 14.5–17.6 GW by 2020. Based on current geologic knowledge and technology the Geothermal Energy Association (GEA) publicly discloses, the GEA estimates that only 6.9 percent of total global potential has been tapped so far, while the IPCC reported geothermal power potential to be in the range of 35 GW to 2 TW. C

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District scale prediction of subsurface waste heat flows

Due to increasing urbanization and scarcity of land, the need to include the underground in urban planning is growing, especially in cities. The human-made underground structures generate an anthropogenic heat flow which has a significant impact on the ground temperature and leads to the creation of urban underground heat islands (UUHI). In parallel with the urbanization, the consumption of energy increases and the interest in sustainable energy production from thermal energy sources is growing. The UUHI have a high geothermal potential and are therefore of great interest for energy production. A sustainable evaluation of the geothermal potential in cities depends however on many factors and is therefore a complex procedure in which different scenarios must be assessed. This master thesis proposes a machine learning (ML) based approach for the evaluation of the underground waste heat flow of buildings. ML techniques are suitable to very quick and accurate modeling and can therefore be of great interest in the field of complex geothermal potential evaluation. In this project we will focus on the ground temperature change due to heat losses of basements. To this effect, 2D heat maps are created for a given depth and a given simulation time period. In this study, a comprehensive validation of the proposed ML model (random forest algorithm) is presented for different small scale scenarios, using various heat source geometries, locations, numbers and thermal loads. Furthermore, we study the heat maps for diverse depths and simulation time periods. To do so, we assume only a conductive heat flow mode and constant boundary conditions. The proposed methodology involves having access to fully solved numerical simulation to create a data set which is used to train and test the ML algorithm. For this purpose, the finite element software package COMSOL is used. We evaluate and discuss the accuracy of the proposed ML approach on each studied scenario. The results promise a big potential all while requiring only few solved FE models. We obtain a root mean squared error of always less than 5 to 10% depending on the scenario. At the end of this paper a district scale application of the proposed ML technique is presented on the Loop district in Downtown Chicago, US. It will be shown that 25% of the total Loop data from the FE model is sufficient to learn the ML model and to predict the whole district with a root mean squared error of less than 5%.

2020

Chargement

The present report describes the work realized in the frame of a Mas- ter Pro ject in collaboration between the company EnBW Energie Baden- Württemberg AG (Germany) and the Section of Mechanical Engineering of the Swiss Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL) in view to obtain 30 ECTS credits and the title of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering. The general goal is to reach a better understanding of the heat exchange processes occuring in corrugated plate heat exchangers. EnBW AG operates a geothermal power plant based on the Kalina cycle, applying corrugated plate heat exchangers. As working fluid of the power cycle a zeotropic mixture formed by ammonia and water is used. Heat source of the geothermal power plant in Bruchsal (D) is a natural hydrothermal system. Zeotropic mixtures present specific properties complicating their use in heat exchangers. The mix- ture components' different boiling points create a temperature glide during the mixture's phase change, in contrary to pure fluids that vaporize at a constant temperature. In addition, a composition difference appears between the liquid phase and the vapor phase, which induces a diffusion mass transfer resistance. The several studies conducted on the topic show that both effects combined reduce the heat transfer performances in phase change. The modelling of the mixture properties and behavior is realized in an in- dependent manner by using correlations from the literature. Specific enthalpy and entropy are notably modelled with the correlations by Ziegler and Trepp. The heat transfer coefficients are computed using correlations by Dovíc et al. for the monophasic flows and by Han et al. for biphasic flows. The calcula- tion of pressure drops is discussed and correlations by the same authors are presented. Unfortunately the pressure drop calculation could not be imple- mented in the time allowed to this work. However their implementation does not present special technical difficulties. The results of the calculation for realistic conditions show good agreement with the available experimental data. More data are however needed to obtain a complete validation of the model. A sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the effect of the change of certain operating conditions or of the heat exchanger design. The influence of the following parameters is studied: number of plates, length of those, geothermal brine inlet temperature and mass flow and ammonia concentration of the mixture. It appears that the most influent parameter on the recovered heat load is the inlet brine temperature. Adding plates to the heat exchanger only permits a limited gain of performances. Lengthening the plates is pre- ferred. An augmentation of the mass velocity of the brine, which seems to be the limiting factor in the heat transfer coefficients values, seems also not to permit a significant performance increase. The sensitivity analysis shows though that it is possible to react to a brine temperature change by modifying the ammonia concentration of the mixture. It is therefore possible to adapt the cycle to the conditions, as one wants to maintain a constant turbine inlet temperature or to reach better exergy efficiency. This result must however be reconsidered through a wider perspective including the entire thermodynamic cycle. Given the results listed here above, one can deduce that the relatively low temperature of the geothermal brine strongly limits the possibilities of 3 optimization. The adapted ammonia concentration range is narrow. In certain cases the ob jective of maintaining the amount of transferred thermal power and the one of keeping good exergy efficiency are conflicting. It could however be instructive to lead a sensitivity analysis on the cycle pressure level. This analysis would though have to be included in a global view of the cycle given the numerous consequences. Finally, the results produced by the model allow to clearly illustrating the advantage of zeotropic mixtures regarding the exergy efficiency of the heat exchange. The efficiency is very high, reaching 90% in certain conditions, which is not realizable in the same conditions using a pure working fluid. The study of the behavior of zeotropic fluids should be pursued in near future in the view of a more rational use of the energy.

2011

Chargement

Étude multidisciplinaire d'un développement durable du sous-sol urbain

Pierrick Maire

Increasing demographic pressure can lead to an increase in urban sprawl, which challenges the principles of sustained development. It enhances both displacement and loss of green space. Urban planners have to design space while allowing for increases in population density. Most of the time this is achieved by using space above the ground or in urban wastelands. Underground development can contribute but is rarely used to its full potential. This study investigates the reasons for the absence of underground development in urban planning and focuses on three aspects : Law : Swiss law defines property limits and underground usage. These limits depend on the underground's four resources : space, water, geothermal power and geomaterials. These resources define to what extent underground space can be used. Sociology : Understanding and analyzing perceptions and fears caused by underground space will help in ameliorating problems with space design and setting up priorities to be observed by urban planners. Economy : building underground seems more expensive than above the ground. This study will test this hypothesis. To investigate economic feasibility, it is important to know differences of costs as well as to identify factors accounting for increased costs. In Switzerland, building opposition significantly delays or prevents construction. Therefore, public opinion is a key factor in the planning of underground space. A case study will demonstrate the consequences of such oppositions. Finally, results of different studies will be compiled and analyzed in order to help authorities identify rules to observe, opportunities to seize and pitfalls to avoid.

EPFL2011

Chargement

2011

District scale prediction of subsurface waste heat flows

2020