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Concept

Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channel

Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channels or CNG channels are ion channels that function in response to the binding of cyclic nucleotides. CNG channels are nonselective cation channels that are found in the membranes of various tissue and cell types, and are significant in sensory transduction as well as cellular development. Their function can be the result of a combination of the binding of cyclic nucleotides (cGMP and cAMP) and either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization event. Initially discovered in the cells that make up the retina of the eye, CNG channels have been found in many different cell types across both the animal and the plant kingdoms. CNG channels have a very complex structure with various subunits and domains that play a critical role in their function. CNG channels are significant in the function of various sensory pathways including vision and olfaction, as well as in other key cellular functions such as hormone release and chemotaxis. CNG channels have also been fou

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Canal ionique

Un canal ionique est une protéine membranaire qui permet le passage à grande vitesse d'un ou plusieurs ions. Il existe de nombreux types de canaux ioniques. Ils peuvent être sélectivement perméables

Olfaction

vignette| L'odorat des canidés est réputé être l'un des meilleurs parmi les mammifères. C'est une des raisons qui expliquent qu'ils ont été très utilisés comme chien de chasse, de garde ou de sauvete

Récepteur olfactif

vignette|redresse=1.5|Mécanismes de transduction des signaux odorants au niveau de la membrane des neurones récepteurs olfactifs. La liaison d'une molécule odorante à un récepteur olfactif (vert) modi

A Kinetic Map of the Homomeric Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel (Kv) Family

Valérie Buchillier, Mirjia Herzog, Emmanuelle Logette, Michela Marani, Henry Markram, Enrico Scantamburlo, Valérie Tâche

The voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, encoded by 40 genes, repolarize all electrically excitable cells, including plant, cardiac, and neuronal cells. Although these genes were fully sequenced decades ago, a comprehensive kinetic characterization of all Kv channels is still missing, especially near physiological temperature. Here, we present a standardized kinetic map of the 40 homomeric Kv channels systematically characterized at 15, 25, and 35 degrees C. Importantly, the Kv kinetics at 35 degrees C differ significantly from commonly reported kinetics, usually performed at room temperature. We observed voltage-dependent Q(10) for all active Kv channels and inherent heterogeneity in kinetics for some of them. Kinetic properties are consistent across different host cell lines and conserved across mouse, rat, and human. All electrophysiology data from all Kv channels are made available through a public website (Channelpedia). This dataset provides a solid foundation for exploring kinetics of heteromeric channels, roles of auxiliary subunits, kinetic modulation, and for building accurate Kv models.

2019

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A Kinetic Map of the Homomeric Voltage-gated Potassium Channel (Kv) Family

Valérie Buchillier, Mirjia Herzog, Emmanuelle Logette, Michela Marani, Henry Markram, Enrico Scantamburlo, Valérie Tâche

CELL PRESS2020

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Characterizing molecular recognition principles of specific odorant molecule interactions with an olfactory receptor and a nuclear hormone receptor

Sylvain Etter

Olfaction, the detection of odorous chemicals in the environment, is one of the oldest mammalian sensory systems and involves large number (up to 1000) of distinct G protein coupled olfactory receptors (OR). The chemical interaction of volatile molecules with specific ORs marks the primary step in odor perception and is of critical importance for elucidating the molecular basis of detecting and discriminating thousands of odorous chemicals. Despite the fact that a number of putative ORs have been cloned, only limited progress has been made in assigning odorant molecules to specific receptors. Furthermore, the analysis of OR–ligand interactions at a cellular level is complicated by combinatorial recognition principles and thus requires large scale odorant and receptor screening to establish receptor-specific ligand profiles. Described herein are efforts towards the development of reliable and efficient assays for detecting and quantifying the responses of heterologously expressed ORs to odorants. Three strategies were employed for the optical or electrophysiological detection of ORs responses with functional assays in HEK293 cells. In two approaches, OR activation was monitored via the endogenous cAMP pathway, which was coupled either to the cAMP response element-mediated expression of different reporter genes, or to a cyclic nucleotide gated ion channel. In a third approach, OR activation was measured using Ca2+ imaging in the presence of a promiscuous Gαq protein. ORs of different species were then functionally analyzed using the different assays. A library of 250 odorant compounds representative of the chemical functional groups relevant in perfumery was screened; 16 novel specific ligands for the mouse eugenol odorant receptor (EGOR) were identified. Ten of these compounds are structurally unrelated to previously identified ligands and thus provide an extended molecular basis for describing the ligand-specificity and selectivity of EGOR in new detail. Interestingly, some ORs exhibited odorant responses in the cAMP-based assays, but not in Ca2+ imaging assays and vice-versa, which indicates a possible preferential OR coupling to specific G proteins. Such preferential coupling might be dependent on the cell type or influenced by specific odorant molecules and could potentially increase the complexity in odorantmediated signaling. A second part of this thesis describes investigations into other potential activities of odorants apart from their role in olfaction. An odorant compound library was screened to determine possible xenoestrogenic activity on human ERα expressed in cultured mammalian cells. An image-based assay to observe the nuclear redistribution processes of a functional YFP-ERα fluorescent chimera allowed the identification of seven odorant molecules that interact with the receptor. As the optical detection of YFP-ERα redistribution processes did not distinguish between agonistic and antagonistic effects, we tested the active substances in a reporter assay using luciferase under transcription control of two estrogen response elements (ERE). Two active odorants identified in the screening exhibited agonist activity as indicated by a dose-dependent activation of ERα mediated transcription of the luciferase reporter gene.

EPFL2007

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BIO-311: Neuroscience

The course starts with fundamentals of electrical - and chemical signaling in neurons. Students then learn how neurons in the brain receive and process sensory information, and how other neurons control the behavior of an animal. Furthermore, memory, learning, and brain disorders will be introduced.

BIO-482: Neuroscience: cellular and circuit mechanisms

This course focuses on the cellular mechanisms of mammalian brain function. We will describe how neurons communicate through synaptic transmission in order to process sensory information ultimately leading to motor behavior.