Dualism in cosmology

Dualism in cosmology or dualistic cosmology is the moral or spiritual belief that two fundamental concepts exist, which often oppose each other. It is an umbrella term that covers a diversity of views from various religions, including both traditional religions and scriptural religions. Moral dualism is the belief of the great complement of, or conflict between, the benevolent and the malevolent. It simply implies that there are two moral opposites at work, independent of any interpretation of what might be "moral" and independent of how these may be represented. Moral opposites might, for example, exist in a worldview that has one god, more than one god, or none. By contrast, duotheism, bitheism or ditheism implies (at least) two gods. While bitheism implies harmony, ditheism implies rivalry and opposition, such as between good and evil, or light and dark, or summer and winter. For example, a ditheistic system could be one in which one god is a creator and the other a destroyer. In theology, dualism can also refer to the relationship between the deity and creation or the deity and the universe (see theistic dualism). That form of dualism is a belief shared in certain traditions of Christianity and Hinduism. Alternatively, in ontological dualism, the world is divided into two overarching categories. The opposition and combination of the universe's two basic principles of yin and yang is a large part of Chinese philosophy, and is an important feature of Taoism. It is also discussed in Confucianism. Many myths and creation motifs with dualistic cosmologies have been described in ethnographic and anthropological literature. The motifs conceive the world as being created, organized, or influenced by two demiurges, culture heroes, or other mythological beings, who compete with each other or have a complementary function in creating, arranging or influencing the world. There is a huge diversity of such cosmologies. In some cases, such as among the Chukchi, the beings collaborate rather than compete, and they contribute to the creation in a coequal way.

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Néoplatonisme

Le néoplatonisme est une doctrine philosophique, élaborée par des platoniciens de l'Antiquité tardive à la suite du médio-platonisme. Philon d'Alexandrie est le précurseur de ce mouvement vers 40, puis il se développe à Rome à partir de 232 par Ammonios Saccas, maître de Plotin, et les élèves de ce dernier, Porphyre et Jamblique. Le néoplatonisme est une école très influente dans l'Antiquité, avec de grands continuateurs comme Proclus, jusqu'à l'exil de ses derniers représentants comme Damascios et Simplicios de Cilicie en 529, à la suite de la fermeture des écoles et lieux de culte païens par l'empereur Justinien.

Zervanisme

Le zervanisme ou zurvanisme est un hypothétique mouvement religieux qui doit son nom moderne au personnage mythique appelé Zurvan. Il serait apparu en Perse achéménide et aurait préexisté au zoroastrisme qu'il aurait influencé, notamment dans son dualisme. Si cette option historiographique a été développée à partir des travaux de Friedrich von Spiegel au jusque dans la seconde moitié du , elle est largement remise en question au tournant du par la fragilité de sa construction et l'absence totale de sources zoroastriennes à son sujet qui ne connaissent aucune allusion à Zurvan, attesté par des sources plus tardives, arméniennes, syriaques, grecques et arabes.

Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)

The Triple Goddess is a deity or deity archetype revered in many Neopagan religious and spiritual traditions. In common Neopagan usage, the Triple Goddess is viewed as a triunity of three distinct aspects or figures united in one being. These three figures are often described as the Maiden, the Mother, and the Crone, each of which symbolizes both a separate stage in the female life cycle and a phase of the Moon, and often rules one of the realms of heavens, earth, and underworld.