Bipolar II disorder

Bipolar II disorder (BP-II) is a mood disorder on the bipolar spectrum, characterized by at least one episode of hypomania and at least one episode of major depression. Diagnosis for BP-II requires that the individual must never have experienced a full manic episode. Otherwise, one manic episode meets the criteria for bipolar I disorder (BP-I). Hypomania is a sustained state of elevated or irritable mood that is less severe than mania yet may still significantly affect the quality of life and result in permanent consequences including reckless spending, damaged relationships and poor judgment. Unlike mania, hypomania is not associated with psychosis. The hypomanic episodes associated with BP-II must last for at least four days. Commonly, depressive episodes are more frequent and more intense than hypomanic episodes. Additionally, when compared to BP-I, type II presents more frequent depressive episodes and shorter intervals of well-being. The course of BP-II is more chronic and consists of more frequent cycling than the course of BP-I. Finally, BP-II is associated with a greater risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors than BP-I or unipolar depression. Although BP-II is commonly perceived to be a milder form of type I, this is not the case. Types I and II present equally severe burdens. BP-II is notoriously difficult to diagnose. Patients usually seek help when they are in a depressed state, or when their hypomanic symptoms manifest themselves in unwanted effects, such as high levels of anxiety, or the seeming inability to focus on tasks. Because many of the symptoms of hypomania are often mistaken for high-functioning behavior or simply attributed to personality, patients are typically not aware of their hypomanic symptoms. In addition, many people with BP-II have periods of normal affect. As a result, when patients seek help, they are very often unable to provide their doctor with all the information needed for an accurate assessment; these individuals are often misdiagnosed with unipolar depression.

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Mixed affective state

A mixed affective state, formerly known as a mixed-manic or mixed episode, has been defined as a state wherein features unique to both depression and mania—such as episodes of despair, doubt, anguish, impulsive decision making or increased energy, suicidal ideation, decreased need for sleep, emotional liability, racing thoughts, irritability, pressure of activity, and heightened irritability—occur either simultaneously or in very short succession.

Cyclothymie

La cyclothymie est un trouble de l'humeur se situant dans le spectre de la bipolarité, au cours duquel les périodes euphoriques et les périodes dépressives et d'irritabilité se succèdent par cycles rapides. Le terme est utilisé bien avant 1863 (Gérard de Nerval est qualifié de cyclothymique en 1853 par le docteur Dubois), mais la pathologie est identifiée pour la première fois en 1863 par le psychiatre allemand Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum.

Dépression atypique

La dépression atypique se situe à peu près au même niveau que celui de la dysthymie, légèrement différente de la dépression, et est composée de symptômes similaires, mais est également caractérisée par une réactivité de l'humeur liée aux événements positifs. Les patients souffrant de mélancolie ne peuvent généralement être exposés aux humeurs positives, même lorsqu'un événement positif se déroule. En outre, la dépression atypique est caractérisée par une humeur variable diminuée avec la réactivité d'humeur aux événements positifs, un gain de poids et de fatigue importants et une inquiétude prononcée.

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