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Concept
Names for books of Judeo-Christian scripture
Résumé
This article distinguishes the various terms used to describe Jewish and Christian scripture. Several terms refer to the same material, although sometimes rearranged.
The Hebrew Bible comprises the Torah (the five books of Moses), the Neviim (the books of the Prophets), and the Ketuvim (the "Writings").
Judaism has traditionally held that, along with the Torah, referred to as the Written Torah, God revealed a series of instructions on how to interpret and apply the Torah. The additional instructions were known as the Oral Torah. By the second century CE Jewish sages began writing down interpretations of the Bible; Orthodox Jews consider these writings to embody the "oral law." These writings take several forms:
Talmud – An authoritative commentary on the Mishnah
Mishnah – An analysis of the laws and meaning of the Bible, containing information from the oral law.
Gemara – Rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah
Tosefta – A set of teachings that in many ways are similar to the Mishnah. It may be an early commentary on the Mishnah, or it may be an independent attempt to codify the oral law.
Braitot – A genre of rabbinic literature from the same time period as the Mishnah and Tosefta that no longer exists. The only quotes still extant from this literature are found as quotes within the Mishnah and Tosefta.
Midrash – A genre of rabbinic literature that is an elaboration of, and commentary on, Biblical narrative.
For Christians, the Bible refers to the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Protestant Old Testament is largely identical to what Jews call the Bible; the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Old Testament (held to by some Protestants as well) is based on the prevailing first century Greek translation of the Jewish Bible, the Septuagint.
The Bible as used by Christianity consists of two parts:
The Old Testament, largely the same as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible.
The New Testament
The four canonical Gospels. (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)
The Acts of the Apostles recounts the early history of the Christian movement.
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