Preload (cardiology)In cardiac physiology, preload is the amount of sarcomere stretch experienced by cardiac muscle cells, called cardiomyocytes, at the end of ventricular filling during diastole. Preload is directly related to ventricular filling. As the relaxed ventricle fills during diastole, the walls are stretched and the length of sarcomeres increases. Sarcomere length can be approximated by the volume of the ventricle because each shape has a conserved surface-area-to-volume ratio.
AfterloadAfterload is the pressure that the heart must work against to eject blood during systole (ventricular contraction). Afterload is proportional to the average arterial pressure. As aortic and pulmonary pressures increase, the afterload increases on the left and right ventricles respectively. Afterload changes to adapt to the continually changing demands on an animal's cardiovascular system. Afterload is proportional to mean systolic blood pressure and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
Cathétérisme cardiaqueLe cathétérisme cardiaque est une méthode d'exploration hémodynamique relativement ancienne. Elle consiste à introduire une sonde dans les différentes cavités cardiaques pour mesurer des pressions et le taux de saturation en oxygène du sang. Cette méthode date de plus d'un siècle et a été introduite par Auguste Chauveau. Il obtient les premiers enregistrements de pression des cavités cardiaques en introduisant un cathéter par la veine jugulaire dans le cœur d'un cheval.
