Résumé
Histocompatibility, or tissue compatibility, is the property of having the same, or sufficiently similar, alleles of a set of genes called human leukocyte antigens (HLA), or major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Each individual expresses many unique HLA proteins on the surface of their cells, which signal to the immune system whether a cell is part of the self or an invading organism. T cells recognize foreign HLA molecules and trigger an immune response to destroy the foreign cells. Histocompatibility testing is most relevant for topics related to whole organ, tissue, or stem cell transplants, where the similarity or difference between the donor's HLA alleles and the recipient's triggers the immune system to reject the transplant. The wide variety of potential HLA alleles lead to unique combinations in individuals and make matching difficult. The discovery of the MHC and role of histocompatibility in transplantation was a combined effort of many scientists in the 20th century. A genetic basis for transplantation rejection was proposed in a 1914 Nature paper by C.C. Little and Ernest Tyyzer, which showed that tumors transplanted between genetically identical mice grew normally, but tumors transplanted between non-identical mice were rejected and failed to grow. The role of the immune system in transplant reject was proposed by Peter Medawar, whose skin graft transplants in world war two victims showed that skin transplants between individuals had much higher rejection rates than self-transplants within an individual, and that suppressing the immune system delayed skin transplant rejection. Medawar shared the 1960 Nobel Prize in part for this work. In the 1930s and 1940s, George Snell and Peter Gorer individually isolated the genetic factors that when similar allowed transplantation between mouse strains, naming them H and antigen II respectively. These factors were in fact one and the same, and the locus was named H-2. Snell coined the term "histocompatibility" to describe the relationship between the H-2 cell-surface proteins and transplant acceptance.
À propos de ce résultat
Cette page est générée automatiquement et peut contenir des informations qui ne sont pas correctes, complètes, à jour ou pertinentes par rapport à votre recherche. Il en va de même pour toutes les autres pages de ce site. Veillez à vérifier les informations auprès des sources officielles de l'EPFL.
Publications associées (11)

Variability of Primary Sjogren's Syndrome Is Driven by Interferon alpha and Interferon alpha Blood Levels Are Associated With the Class II HLA-DQ Locus

Jacques Fellay, Christian Axel Wandall Thorball, Nicolas Meyer

Objective Primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is the second most frequent systemic autoimmune disease, affecting 0.1% of the general population. To characterize the molecular and clinical variabilities among patients with primary SS, we integrated transcriptom ...
WILEY2022

Rationally designed Human Cytomegalovirus gB nanoparticle vaccine with improved immunogenicity

Davide Demurtas

Author summary Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the foremost viral cause of congenital birth defects. Attempts to vaccinate against HCMV brought moderate, though not sufficient, reduction in infection. Moreover, phase II clinical trial with gB for ...
PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE2020
Afficher plus
Personnes associées (1)
Concepts associés (3)
Transplantation de moelle osseuse
La transplantation de moelle osseuse est une greffe consistant à transférer de la moelle osseuse d'un individu à un autre souffrant d'une pathologie de sa moelle. Elle est parfois la seule voie de guérison. Elle permet l'utilisation de chimiothérapie et/ou de radiothérapie à des doses massives ce qui a pour résultat d'améliorer la survie voire d'envisager la guérison dans certains cas et de profiter de l'effet greffe contre tumeur (par les lymphocytes T du donneur).
Rejet de greffe
On appelle rejet de greffe l'ensemble des réactions locales et générales que l'organisme de l'hôte peut développer vis-à-vis d'un greffon. Ceci peut entraîner la destruction complète du greffon. Les examens cliniques et paracliniques permettent de savoir si le principe d'une greffe est à retenir. Si la décision est prise, en accord avec le sujet, un bilan avant greffe est établi. Ce bilan est triple : psychologique , physiologique et immunologique . Celui-ci peut nécessiter sauf s'il existe une urgence vitale.
Immunologie
L'immunologie est la branche de la biologie qui s'occupe de l'étude du système immunitaire. Apparu très tôt au cours de l'évolution, ce système a évolué pour distinguer le non-soi du soi. Les réactions de défense de l'organisme face à un organisme pathogène — quelle que soit la nature de celui-ci, virus, bactéries, champignons ou protozoaires. Les maladies auto-immunes, les allergies et le rejet des greffes forment l'aspect médical de cette science.