Ségrégation (matériau)

En métallurgie, la ségrégation est l’enrichissement en certains atomes, ions ou molécules d'un alliage dans une région spécifique du matériau dont la taille peut aller de quelques nanomètres à plusieurs microns ; c'est donc la séparation partielle de diverses parties homogènes d’un alliage et la formation d’hétérogénéité dans sa composition chimique qui se produit lors de son refroidissement par solidification ou lors d'un traitement thermique. Bien que les termes ségrégation et adsorption sont essentiellement synonymes, en pratique, la ségrégation est souvent utilisée pour décrire le rassemblement d'atomes autour des défauts d'un matériau , alors que l'adsorption est généralement utilisée pour décrire la fixation des atomes, ions ou molécules sur une surface solide depuis une phase gazeuse ou liquide. Dans les solides polycristallins, la ségrégation se produit aux défauts cristallographiques tels que : les dislocations, les joints de grains, les failles d'empilement ou l'interface

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Correlating light-induced deep defects and phase segregation in mixed-halide perovskites

Xin Yu Chin, Peter Joseph Fiala, Jakub Holovsky, Quentin Thomas Jeangros, Christian Michael Wolff

Mixed-halide perovskites are highly promising materials for tandem solar cells. The phenomenon of phase segregation, however hinders their application. Here, we combine Fourier-Transform photocurrent spectroscopy with photoluminescence and current density-voltage (J-V) measurements to study the effect of light soaking on such materials and devices. At first, we observe a gradual formation of an I-rich phase, which correlates with an increase in deep defect level concentration. We attribute these deep defects to charged iodide interstitials and associate phase segregation with iodide migration through interstitial positions. Upon further light soaking, the second less I-rich phase forms, while the deep level concentration simultaneously decreases. An empirical model describing the phase segregation mechanism is proposed to rationalize these observations. Further, we point to an important role of grain size in determining the degree and terminal phase of segregation.

ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY2022

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Size control of Pt clusters on CeO2 nanoparticles via an incorporation-segregation mechanism and study of segregation kinetics

Agnese Carino, Christian Ludwig, Frank Pilger, Andrea Testino

Recent literature on Pt/CeO2 catalysts reveals that ionic Pt species could be incorporated into the CeO2 lattice. Here we present a detailed study of Pt segregation in air and under a reducing atmosphere conducted on thermally treated samples by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. We further perform a kinetic study by in situ XRD measurements with the aim of estimating the activation energy for Pt cluster segregation and coalescence in air, which was found to be similar to 3.88 eV. This high activation energy indicates that Pt clusters are strongly anchored on the CeO2 surface and that their mobility is activated only at >900 degrees C. We clearly show the correlation between the nature of the segregated Pt particles and the applied thermal treatment for Pt/CeO2 nanomaterials prepared by the wet chemical route. On the basis of thorough characterization, we present a possible segregation pathway under oxidizing conditions as opposed to a mere surface reduction during a reducing treatment, leading to the coalescence of less anchored Pt. The catalytic performances confirm the remarkable activity and thermal stability of entities obtained via an incorporation-segregation mechanism.

American Chemical Society2016

Chargement

Tunneling and percolation transport regimes in segregated composites

Claudio Grimaldi, Biagio Nigro, Peter Ryser

We consider the problem of electron transport in segregated conductor-insulator composites in which the conducting particles are connected to all others via tunneling conductances, thus forming a global tunneling-connected resistor network. Segregation is induced by the presence of large insulating particles, which forbid the much smaller conducting fillers from occupying uniformly the three-dimensional volume of the composite. By considering both colloidal-like and granular-like dispersions of the conducting phase, modeled respectively by dispersions in the continuum and in the lattice, we evaluate by Monte Carlo simulations the effect of segregation on the composite conductivity sigma, and show that an effective-medium theory applied to the tunneling network reproduces accurately the Monte Carlo results. The theory clarifies that the main effect of segregation in the continuum is that of reducing the mean interparticle distances, leading to a strong enhancement of the conductivity. In the lattice-segregation case the conductivity enhancement is instead given by the lowering of the percolation thresholds for first and beyond-first nearest neighbors. Our results generalize to segregated composites the tunneling-based description of both the percolation and hopping regimes introduced previously for homogeneous disordered systems.

2012

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MSE-302: Phase transformations

Ce cours est une introduction aux transformations de phases liquide-solide et solide-solide. Il aborde les aspects thermodynamiques et cristallographiques. Il traite principalement des matériaux métalliques, et établira des ponts vers les céramiques et la minéralogie.

ChE-408: Process intensification and green chemistry

The first part of the course (~20%) is devoted to green chemistry and life cycle assessment. The remainder focuses on process intensification (fundamentals, detailed description of a few selected technologies, with a special focus on microreactors). Examples and exercises are included.

ChE-409: Chemical engineering lab & project

Familiarization with practical aspects encountered in chemical reaction engineering. A research project is carried out along twelve weeks where a close interaction is required between the different groups.