AnglaisLanglais (English ; prononcé : ) est une langue indo-européenne germanique originaire d'Angleterre qui tire ses racines de langues du nord de l'Europe (terre d'origine des Angles, des Saxons et des Frisons) dont le vocabulaire a été enrichi et la syntaxe et la grammaire modifiées par le français anglo-normand, apporté par les Normands, puis par le français avec les Plantagenêt. La langue anglaise est ainsi composée d'environ 29 % de mots d'origine normande et française et plus des deux tiers de son vocabulaire proviennent du français ou du latin.
Phonological history of English consonant clustersThe phonological history of the English language includes various changes in the phonology of consonant clusters. H-dropping The H-cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English, involving consonant clusters beginning with /h/ that have lost the /h/ (or become reduced to /h/) in some or all dialects. Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩ The cluster /hw/ (spelled ⟨wh⟩ since Middle English) has been subject to two kinds of reduction: Reduction to /h/ before rounded vowels (due to /hw/ being perceived as a /h/ with the labialization characteristic of that environment).
English-language vowel changes before historic /r/In English, many vowel shifts affect only vowels followed by /r/ in rhotic dialects, or vowels that were historically followed by /r/ that has been elided in non-rhotic dialects. Most of them involve the merging of vowel distinctions and so fewer vowel phonemes occur before /r/ than in other positions of a word. Rhoticity in English In rhotic dialects, /r/ is pronounced in most cases. In General American English (GA), /r/ is pronounced as an approximant ɹ or ɻ in most positions, but after some vowels, it is pronounced as r-coloring.
Battement (linguistique)En linguistique, le battement (en anglais flapping ou tapping) désigne, en termes de phonétique articulatoire, un mouvement rapide et saccadé de l'apex (la pointe de la langue) ou de la luette. En termes phonologiques, il s'agit du processus selon laquelle une consonne devient battue. L'exemple classique du battement est offert par certaines variétés de l'anglais, dont l'anglais américain. Dans les contextes intervocaliques, on y observe une lénition des occlusives alvéolaires, qui se traduit par la perte d'opposition entre /t/ et /d/, alors remplacés par une consonne battue alvéolaire voisée, soit [ɾ].
Rhoticity in EnglishRhoticity in English is the pronunciation of the historical rhotic consonant /r/ by English speakers. The presence or absence of rhoticity is one of the most prominent distinctions by which varieties of English can be classified. In rhotic varieties, the historical English /r/ sound is preserved in all pronunciation contexts. In non-rhotic varieties, speakers no longer pronounce /r/ in postvocalic environments: when it is immediately after a vowel and not followed by another vowel.
Cockneyvignette|L'église St Mary-le-Bow sur Cheapside. Le terme cockney désigne les Londoniens issus de la classe ouvrière et habitant l'est de la ville, ainsi que leur argot. Selon la tradition, ce mot qualifie, au sens strict, ceux qui pouvaient entendre sonner les cloches de Bow, c'est-à-dire les cloches de l'église St Mary-le-Bow. Celles-ci détruites par un bombardement en 1941 furent muettes pendant 20 années.
English as a second or foreign languageEnglish as a second or foreign language is the use of English by speakers with different native languages. Language education for people learning English may be known as English as a foreign language (EFL), English as a second language (ESL), English for speakers of other languages (ESOL), English as an additional language (EAL), or English as a New Language (ENL). The aspect in which EFL is taught is referred to as teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL), teaching English as a second language (TESL) or teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL).
H muetLe h muet est une forme d'emploi dans la langue française de la lettre h, opposée au h aspiré. À l'oral, un h muet n'a aucune incidence sur la prononciation, et par conséquent, lorsqu'un mot commence par un h muet, on effectue la liaison et l'élision avec le mot précédent. Ainsi, l'heure se prononce comme l'Eure. Dans les autres langues romanes occidentales, le h est toujours muet, mais dans les langues romanes orientales il est prononcé. Prononciation du français H aspiré Les esprits dans le grec ancien C
GeordieGeordie (ˈdʒɔːrdi) is a nickname for a person from the Tyneside area of North East England and the dialect used by its inhabitants, also known in linguistics as Tyneside English or Newcastle English. There are different definitions of what constitutes a Geordie. The term is used and has been historically used to refer to the people of the North East. A Geordie can also specifically be a native of Tyneside (especially Newcastle upon Tyne) and the surrounding areas. Not everyone from the North East of England identifies as a Geordie.
Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩The pronunciation of the digraph in English has changed over time, and still varies today between different regions and accents. It is now most commonly pronounced /w/, the same as a plain initial , although some dialects, particularly those of Scotland, Ireland, and the Southern United States, retain the traditional pronunciation /hw/, generally realized as ʍ, a voiceless "w" sound. The process by which the historical /hw/ has become /w/ in most modern varieties of English is called the wine–whine merger.
