In economics, the Fisher effect is the tendency for nominal interest rates to change to follow the inflation rate. It is named after the economist Irving Fisher, who first observed and explained this relationship. Fisher proposed that the real interest rate is independent of monetary measures (known as the Fisher hypothesis), therefore, the nominal interest rate will adjust to accommodate any changes in expected inflation.
The nominal interest rate is the accounting interest rate – the percentage by which the amount of dollars (or other currency) owed by a borrower to a lender grows over time. While the real interest rate is the percentage by which the real purchasing power of the loan grows over time. In other words, the real interest rate is the nominal interest rate adjusted for the effect of inflation on the purchasing power of the outstanding loan.
The relation between nominal and real interest rates, and inflation, is approximately given by the Fisher equation:
The equation states that the real interest rate (), is equal to the nominal interest rate () minus the expected inflation rate ().
The equation is an approximation, however, the difference with the correct value is small as long as the interest rate and the inflation rate is low. The discrepancy becomes large if either the nominal interest rate or the inflation rate is high. The accurate equation can be expressed using periodic compounding as:
If the real rate is assumed to be constant, the nominal rate must change point-for-point when rises or falls. Thus, the Fisher effect states that there will be a one-for-one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the expected inflation rate.
The implication of the conjectured constant real rate is that monetary events such as monetary policy actions will have no effect on the real economy—for example, no effect on real spending by consumers on consumer durables and by businesses on machinery and equipment.
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En économie et en sciences actuarielles, le taux d'intérêt réel est le taux d'intérêt nominal auquel on doit effectuer une correction afin qu'il tienne compte du taux d'inflation et de la prime de risque. Avec un taux d'intérêt nominal et un taux d'inflation , tous deux mesurés sur une même période, l'équation du taux d'intérêt réel, noté , sur cette période est la suivante: Il est possible, de façon intuitive, d'approximer le taux d'intérêt réel de la façon suivante : En fait, cette équation approximative peut être déterminée ex post grâce à l'équation de Fisher : Où est le taux d'intérêt réel, le taux d'intérêt nominal, et le taux d'inflation.
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