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Concept
Japanese proverbs
Résumé
A Japanese proverb may take the form of:
a short saying,
an idiomatic phrase, or
a four-character idiom.
Although "proverb" and "saying" are practically synonymous, the same cannot be said about "idiomatic phrase" and "four-character idiom". Not all kan'yōku and yojijukugo are proverbial. For instance, the kan'yōku literally 'a fox's wedding', meaning "a sunshower" and the yojijukugo literally 'small spring weather', meaning "Indian summer" – warm spring-like weather in early winter are not proverbs. To be considered a proverb, a word or phrase must express a common truth or wisdom; it cannot be a mere noun.
Numerous Asian proverbs, including Japanese, appear to be derived from older Chinese proverbs, although it often is impossible to be completely sure about the direction of cultural influences (and hence, the origins of a particular proverb or idiomatic phrase).
Because traditional Japanese culture was tied to agriculture, many Japanese proverbs are derived from agricultural customs and practices. Some are from the Go game (e.g., 布石を打つ), the tea ceremony (e.g., 一期一会), and Buddhism. Many four-character idioms are from Chinese philosophy written in Classical Chinese, in particular "The Analects" by Confucius. ('a frog in a well' is Classical Chinese, from the Zhuangzi.)
Japanese commonly use proverbs, often citing just the first part of common phrases for brevity. For example, one might say 'a frog in a well' to refer to the proverb 'a frog in a well cannot conceive of the ocean'. Whereas proverbs in English are typically multi-worded phrases (e.g. "kill two birds with one stone"), Japanese yojijukugo borrow from Chinese and compactly convey the concept in one compound word (e.g., 'one stone two birds').
案ずるより産むが易しい。
Anzuru yori umu ga yasashii.
Literally: Giving birth to a baby is easier than worrying about it.
Meaning: Fear is greater than the danger. / An attempt is sometimes easier than expected.
出る杭は打たれる。
Deru kui wa utareru.
Literally: The stake that sticks up gets hammered down.
Source officielle
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