Multistorey car park

Résumé

A multistorey car park (British and Singapore English) or parking garage (American English), also called a multistory, parking building, parking structure, parkade (mainly Canadian), parking ramp, parking deck or indoor parking, is a building designed for car, motorcycle and bicycle parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially an indoor, stacked car park. The first known multistory facility was built in London in 1901, and the first underground parking was built in Barcelona in 1904. (See History, below.) The term multistory is almost never used in the US, since parking structures are almost all multiple levels. Parking structures may be heated if they are enclosed. Design of parking structures can add considerable cost for planning new developments, with costs in the United States around

28,000 per space and

56,000 per space for underground (excluding the cost of land), and can be m

Source officielle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistorey_car_park

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Madrid Oasis

Javier Pérez Puchalt

“Madrid Oasis” est stratégiquement située dans la banlieue Nord madrilène, entre le chemin de fer et le “paseo” de la Castellana. L'Oasis est conçue comme une dalle en béton qui se replie aux extrémités pour accueillir des éléments naturels – sable et eau – et des éléments artificiels, en devenant une plate-forme à échelle urbaine capable d'attirer irrésistiblement un grand public. La dalle garantit une parfaite isolation du paysage sans qualité de la périphérie, en créant une oasis pour une nouvelle forme de vie urbaine et, finalement, un nouveau modèle de ville. Une fois montés sur la dalle, les citoyens flânent sur une plage artificielle et protégée, loin du rythme frénétique de la ville contemporaine: se baigner, bronzer, lire, faire du sport en plein air, ce sont les activités que la dalle offre. Mais au-dessous de cette surface, “Madrid Oasis” génère une autre dimension, fondée aussi sur une intensité programmatique. De la luminosité de la plage, on passe à l'obscurité d'un grand parking, d'un “shopping center”, d'un centre de fitness, des discothèques et d'une gare de métro. Les matériaux changent, les atmosphères sont bouleversées: la dalle démontre sa vraie essence d'accélérateur social.

2017

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Reinforced concrete flat slab structures are used widely in construction projects due to their economic and functional advantages. Punching shear failure in such structures can have catastrophic effects in the case of, for example, multi-storey framed structures and the designer aims to ensure that ductile flexural deformation occurs before the brittle shear failure. Shear mechanisms generally govern the behaviour of reinforced concrete structures subjected to localised impact loads. Existing experimental results investigating punching shear in flat slabs subjected to impact loading shows that when increasing the loading rate, the punching shear strength also increases whereas the deformation capacity reduces. This behaviour is due to a combination of inertial effects and material strain-rate effects which leads to a stiffer behaviour of the slab for higher loading rates. This can also lead to a change of mode of failure from flexural to pure punching shear with increasing loading rates. Current empirical formulae for punching shear are unable to predict this behaviour since the slab deformations are not considered for calculating the punching shear strength. This paper presents an analytical model based on the Critical Shear Crack Theory which can be applied to flat slabs subjected to impact loading. This model is particularly useful for cases such as progressive collapse analysis and flat slab-column connections subjected to an impulsive axial load in the column. The novelty of the approach is that it considers (a) the dynamic punching shear capacity and (b) the dynamic shear demand, both in terms of the slab deformation (slab rotation). The model considers inertial effects and material strain-rate effects although it is shown that the former has a more significant effect. Moreover, the model allows a further physical understanding of the phenomena and it can be applied to different cases (slabs with and without transverse reinforcement) showing a good correlation with experimental data. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd2014

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Experimental campaign on thin RC columns prone to out-of-plane instability: numerical simulation using shell element models

Katrin Beyer, Lisandro Arturo Jimenez Roa, Angelica Rosso, João Saraiva Esteves Pacheco de Almeida

Construction of multi-storey reinforced concrete (RC) wall buildings in areas of moderate to high seismicity has become a common practice in several Latin-American countries such as Colombia, Peru, Ecuador and Mexico. The large material cost has led to the common practice of designing walls with only one layer of reinforcement and very low thickness. The earthquakes in Chile (2010) and New Zealand (2011) have shown that such design approach can induce out-of-plane failure of the walls under seismic action. In order to study the influence of different parameters on the out-of-plane response of thin members, an experimental campaign on RC columns was recently carried out at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. These columns, axially loaded in cyclic tension-compression, represent the boundary element regions of RC walls, which correspond to the parts of the wall mainly involved in the instability mechanism. This paper illustrates the application of a shell model with truss elements to simulate the response of the tested specimens. The accuracy of the numerical model is assessed by comparison against the experimental results. It is shown that good estimates of the critical tensile strain that leads to out-of-plane instability as well as the out-of-plane displacement in cycles prior to failure are obtained. The failure mode is adequately simulated and also local behaviour is consistently reproduced. Therefore, the application of similar models to assess the vulnerability of thin RC walls to out-of-plane instability appears to be a relatively simple and robust numerical tool for engineering practice.

2017

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Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd2014