Ethnographie

Résumé

L’ethnographie est une pratique du domaine des sciences sociales qui a pour but d'étudier sur le terrain la culture et le mode de vie de peuples, communautés, sociétés, ou autres types de groupes sociaux. Elle est aujourd'hui autant utilisée en anthropologie qu'en sociologie ou en gestion selon que l'objet d'étude porte davantage sur les différentes cultures chez les êtres humains, la société, ou l'économie et les ressources humaines. Le mot ethnographie est composé du préfixe « ethno » (du grec έθνος, peuple, nation, ethnie) et du suffixe « graphie » (au grec γράφειν, écrire), pour signifier description des peuples. En Russie par exemple, on parlera plus volontiers d'« étude des peuples ». L'ethnographie sous-entend une enquête de terrain composée de méthodes de récolte d'informations, de retranscription et d'un suivi en écriture, avec bien souvent une période d'observation participante⁣⁣ telle que pratiquée en anthropologie sociale et culturelle. L'ethnographie en tant que première

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographie

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ARCH (Action Research Collective for Hospitality) was created in January 2019, in the continuity of the work carried out at Metrolab Brussels on the theme of “urban inclusion” with the intention of pursuing observations, analyses and practical considerations on the qualities of hospitality in Brussels’ urban spaces, mainly where this issue seemed most pressing: the Maximilian Park, the North Station, the Northern Quarter (on whose periphery is located the Metrolab studio). ARCH has gradually been built up through the voluntary involvement of many researchers (academics or not) and practitioners with diverse backgrounds (sociologists, architects, urban planners, artists, activists, anthropologists) in a collective action research project aiming to promote urban hospitality in Brussels, which is a metropolis either crossed and impacted by migration movements. Urban hospitality is understood as the ability of an urban environment to open up and welcome newcomers who come forward ; here more precisely, people in migratory situations occupying different places in the Northern Quarter. Witnessing the deplorable conditions of their extreme reception, vulnerability and distress, ARCH members have come together to highlight their situation and call on the people of Brussels (particularly public authorities, administrations and urban affairs professionals) about our common duty of hospitality and humanity. The research was developed over a short period of time, in close collaboration with the Citizen’s Platform – which welcomes hundreds of people every day among the 800 migrants and refugees present in this part of the city. The Platform co-defined the lines of the survey with ARCH members according to some of the needs and problems it faced on a daily basis, and contributed to the implementation and progress of research activities, as well as the production of results. We conducted this inquiry using a combination of methods based on collective exploration of the neighbourhood, ethnographic observation and mapping of places of occupation and reception, participation in the work and activities of the Platform, organisation of focus groups, conducting interviews, etc. Today, we’re publishing the results of this collective research – already exhibited, presented and discussed for the first time at a symposium held in June 2019 – in order to share the knowledge produced with all those interested in this issue, and to challenge the politicians on the hospitality issues facing the Northern Quarter. The Brussels government has recently made available a significant amount of funding to enable the Humanitarian Hub and the Porte d’Ulysse shelter to continue their activities over the next two years, demonstrating in the same way its attention to the challenges of reception and its commitment to a more decent migration policy. However, the problems arising from the presence of migrants in the Northern Quarter and its public spaces remain poorly considered in the field of urban policies. By adopting a socio-spatial perspective on these issues, this book invites us to extend this commitment towards a policy of urban hospitality.

Metrolab series2020

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This article documents the practical efforts of a group of scientists designing an imageprocessing algorithm for saliency detection. By following the actors of this computer science project, the article shows that the problems often considered to be the starting points of computational models are in fact provisional results of time-consuming, collective and highly material processes that engage habits, desires, skills and values. In the project being studied, problematization processes lead to the constitution of referential databases called ‘ground truths’ that enable both the effective shaping of algorithms and the evaluation of their performances. Working as important common touchstones for research communities in image processing, the ground truths are inherited from prior problematization processes and may be imparted to subsequent ones. The ethnographic results of this study suggest two complementary analytical perspectives on algorithms: (1) an ‘axiomatic’ perspective that understands algorithms as sets of instructions designed to solve given problems computationally in the best possible way, and (2) a ‘problem-oriented’ perspective that understands algorithms as sets of instructions designed to computationally retrieve outputs designed and designated during specific problematization processes. If the axiomatic perspective on algorithms puts the emphasis on the numerical transformations of inputs into outputs, the problem-oriented perspective puts the emphasis on the definition of both inputs and outputs

SAGE Publications2017

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Human-centered Innovation Processes

Alan Cabello Llamas

For more than a decade managers, academics, educators and politicians have indicated that innovation is the key to our future. As a result, we find a plethora of innovation initiatives around the world, from university curricula to the mission statements of banks. This push to innovate is a direct result of the recent economic downturn as well as from an ever more competitive, connected and dynamic world. In order to remain relevant in such a world, emphasis is given to generating new ideas that may lead to new products and services. Despite these initiatives, evidence indicates that investment in innovation does not correlate with success. Although the goal of innovation is clear, the processes whereby that goal may be accomplished are varied and not entirely understood. The motivation of this thesis, therefore, is to gain a better understanding of some of those innovation processes. In recent years, a growing number of firms, organizations and governments have adopted an approach to innovation that is referred to as âDesign Thinkingâ. They use the term to describe the process by which a multifunctional team tackles a problem by exploring the underlying needs of the people most affected by that problemâwhether that be customers, users, etc.âthen, based on these observations, defines the root cause or key elements of the problem and finally attempts to resolve it through an active cycle of ideating, prototyping and testing potential solutions. While the process itself is well defined and understood, its implementation and use by managers in the context of innovation management calls for further exploration. With this objective, I first conducted research within academic literature, followed by an ethnographic study focused on the use of Design Thinking by both large firms and entrepreneurial teams. The first paper of this dissertation examines the different elements in the Design Thinking process within the context of management research. The goal of the first conceptual article is thus to establish the common ground among diverse subfields of research in management upon which future research in Design Thinking may build. The second paper of this dissertation aims to uncover how large firms use Design Thinking as an approach to innovation. Based upon direct observation and interview data we find evidence of links between Design Thinking and Absorptive Capacity. We therefore propose that Design Thinking may be a helpful tool for firms who wish to innovate by an increase in their Absorptive Capacity. The third and final paper of this dissertation aims to understand the effects of Design Thinking on the venture creation process. This work is based on ethnographic research conducted at Stanford University wherein twelve teams participated in an accelerator program that uses a Design Thinking approach with the goal of creating and launching new ventures. Building on Dynamic Capabilities literature, this research finds that the teams with greater capability to iterate their venture concept through repeated cycles of attachment and detachment relative to their proposed products or services tend to be more successful.

EPFL2015

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Human-centered Innovation Processes

Alan Cabello Llamas

EPFL2015

Metrolab series2020