Vietnamese phonology

The phonology of Vietnamese features 19 consonant phonemes, with 5 additional consonant phonemes used in Vietnamese's Southern dialect, and 4 exclusive to the Northern dialect. Vietnamese also has 14 vowel nuclei, and 6 tones that are integral to the interpretation of the language. Older interpretations of Vietnamese tones differentiated between "sharp" and "heavy" entering and departing tones. This article is a technical description of the sound system of the Vietnamese language, including phonetics and phonology. Two main varieties of Vietnamese, Hanoi and Saigon, which are slightly different to each other, are described below. Initial consonants which exist only in the Northern dialect are in red, while those that exist only in the Southern dialect are in blue. /w/ is the only initial consonant permitted to form consonant clusters with other consonants. /p/ occurs syllable-initially only in loan words, but some speakers pronounce as /ɓ/ (as in sâm banh, derived from French champagne). The glottalized stops are preglottalized and voiced: [ʔɓ, ʔɗ] (the glottis is always closed before the oral closure). This glottal closure is often not released before the release of the oral closure, resulting in the characteristic implosive pronunciation. However, sometimes the glottal closure is released prior to the oral release in which case the stops are pronounced [ʔb, ʔd]. Therefore, the primary characteristic is preglottalization with implosion being secondary. /ɓ, m/ are bilabial, while /f, v/ are labiodental. /t, th/ are denti-alveolar ([t̪, t̪h]), while /ɗ, n, l/ are apico-alveolar. /c, ɲ/ are phonetically lamino-palatoalveolar (the blade of the tongue makes contact behind the alveolar ridge). /ʈ, c/ are often slightly affricated [ʈ͡ʂ, t͡ɕ], but they are unaspirated. A glottal stop [ʔ] is inserted before words that begin with a vowel or /w/: {| cellpadding="5" style="line-height: 1.0em;" | ăn | 'to eat' | /ăn/ | → | [ʔăn] |- | uỷ | 'to delegate' | /wi/ | → | [ʔwi] |} d, gi and r are all pronounced /z/.

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Ton d'entrée

Le ton d'entrée () est un des quatre tons de la phonologie du chinois médiéval. Le ton est généralement décrit comme court et vif, et est toujours en vigueur pour plusieurs variétés des langues chinoises (mais pas de toutes). De nos jours, le ton d'entrée a disparu de la plupart des dialectes mandarins. Ce ton reste notoirement utilisé dans les langues chinoises méridionales, dont le Yue (cantonais), les langues Min, et le Hakka.

Coup de glotte

Le coup de glotte ou consonne occlusive glottale est une consonne dont la description en phonétique articulatoire est l'occlusive glottale sourde, notée en alphabet phonétique international, dans la transcription traditionnelle des langues sémitiques et dans l'alphabet hawaïen (signe nommé ʻokina) et la plupart des autres langues polynésiennes. C'est parfois une apostrophe qui est employée à la place de ces deux derniers signes. La consonne est la première dans l'ordre alphabétique dit « levantin » (dans lequel on commence par ou a, b, g ou c, d, etc.

Tone (linguistics)

Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or to inflect words. All verbal languages use pitch to express emotional and other para-linguistic information and to convey emphasis, contrast and other such features in what is called intonation, but not all languages use tones to distinguish words or their inflections, analogously to consonants and vowels. Languages that have this feature are called tonal languages; the distinctive tone patterns of such a language are sometimes called tonemes, by analogy with phoneme.