Canal de communication (théorie de l'information)

Résumé

vignette En théorie de l'information, un canal de communication ou canal de transmission est un support (physique ou non) permettant la transmission d'une certaine quantité d'information, depuis une source (ou émetteur) vers un destinataire (ou récepteur). Souvent, le canal altère l'information transmise, par exemple en ajoutant un bruit aléatoire. La quantité d'information qu'un canal de communication peut transporter est limitée : on parle de capacité du canal. Définition et enjeux On peut décomposer simplement un système de communication en trois grandes parties : une source d'information (associée à un transmetteur), un destinataire (associé à un récepteur), et le canal de communication, qui assure la liaison entre les deux. Selon les modèles de canaux, l'information transmise peut être discrète ou continue. Souvent, le canal est équipé d'un modèle probabiliste qui décrit le signal sortant en fonction du signal entrant. Cela correspond à des situations réelles comm

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Nowadays, a wide variety of terminals are proposed to nomadic users. Generally these terminals provide wireless communication operating at frequencies between one and a few GHz. For technical reasons, including multiple access to the communication channel and battery autonomy, these terminals transmit only during very short periods i.e. transmission bursts. For a direct observation of certain characteristics of the transmitted signals radiated by such terminals, only a few measurement setups exist. This article proposes such a novel real-time 3D electromagnetic field measurement instrument with direct visualization. The prototype used for validation is based on an array of probes regularly attached on a non-conductive rigid loop which is put into fast rotation around the terminal under test. To cite this article: J. Rioult et al., C. R. Physique 10 (2009). (C) 2008 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Elsevier2009

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Coding for Communications and Secrecy

Mani Bastaniparizi

Shannon, in his landmark 1948 paper, developed a framework for characterizing the fundamental limits of information transmission. Among other results, he showed that reliable communication over a channel is possible at any rate below its capacity. In 2008, Arikan discovered polar codes; the only class of explicitly constructed low-complexity codes that achieve the capacity of any binary-input memoryless symmetric-output channel. Arikan's polar transform turns independent copies of a noisy channel into a collection of synthetic almost-noiseless and almost-useless channels. Polar codes are realized by sending data bits over the almost-noiseless channels and recovering them by using a low-complexity successive-cancellation (SC) decoder, at the receiver. In the first part of this thesis, we study polar codes for communications. When the underlying channel is an erasure channel, we show that almost all correlation coefficients between the erasure events of the synthetic channels decay rapidly. Hence, the sum of the erasure probabilities of the information-carrying channels is a tight estimate of the block-error probability of polar codes when used for communication over the erasure channel. We study SC list (SCL) decoding, a method for boosting the performance of short polar codes. We prove that the method has a numerically stable formulation in log-likelihood ratios. In hardware, this formulation increases the decoding throughput by 53% and reduces the decoder's size about 33%. We present empirical results on the trade-off between the length of the CRC and the performance gains in a CRC-aided version of the list decoder. We also make numerical comparisons of the performance of long polar codes under SC decoding with that of short polar codes under SCL decoding. Shannon's framework also quantifies the secrecy of communications. Wyner, in 1975, proposed a model for communications in the presence of an eavesdropper. It was shown that, at rates below the secrecy capacity, there exist reliable communication schemes in which the amount of information leaked to the eavesdropper decays exponentially in the block-length of the code. In the second part of this thesis, we study the rate of this decay. We derive the exact exponential decay rate of the ensemble-average of the information leaked to the eavesdropper in Wyner's model when a randomly constructed code is used for secure communications. For codes sampled from the ensemble of i.i.d. random codes, we show that the previously known lower bound to the exponent is exact. Our ensemble-optimal exponent for random constant-composition codes improves the lower bound extant in the literature. Finally, we show that random linear codes have the same secrecy power as i.i.d. random codes. The key to securing messages against an eavesdropper is to exploit the randomness of her communication channel so that the statistics of her observation resembles that of a pure noise process for any sent message. We study the effect of feedback on this approximation and show that it does not reduce the minimum entropy rate required to approximate a given process. However, we give examples where variable-length schemes achieve much larger exponents in this approximation in the presence of feedback than the exponents in systems without feedback. Upper-bounding the best exponent that block codes attain, we conclude that variable-length coding is necessary for achieving the improved exponents.

EPFL2017

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Network information theory explores the fundamental data transport limits over communication networks. Broadcasting and relaying are two natural models arising in communication contexts where multiple users share a common communication medium. Number of relay and broadcasting models are considered in this thesis. We first collect the existing methodologies of communication over a discrete memoryless relay channel. A new communication strategy over this channel is also proposed, which achieves the same data-rates as the best known schemes in literature, incurring a lower delay at the same time. We then consider the Gaussian broadcast channel (GBC), and show that its capacity region is enlarged by the availability of feedback, even if the feedback is from only one of the receivers. We further show a low complexity, explicit capacity achieving strategy over a GBC with degraded receivers. A combination of relay and broadcast models, called the relay-broadcast channel (RBC) is analyzed next. Achievable regions are proposed for different RBC scenarios. For the Gaussian version of an RBC, we characterize the complete capacity region when the receivers are degraded with respect to the relay. The final part of this thesis investigates communication over fading channels. We propose upper bounds for non-coherent, as well as lower bounds for coherent communication over a MIMO fading channel.

EPFL2007

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Coding for Communications and Secrecy

Mani Bastaniparizi

EPFL2017