Drift miningDrift mining is either the mining of an ore deposit by underground methods, or the working of coal seams accessed by adits driven into the surface outcrop of the coal bed. A drift mine is an underground mine in which the entry or access is above water level and generally on the slope of a hill, driven horizontally into the ore seam. Random House dictionary says the origin of the term "drift mine" is an Americanism, circa 1885–1890. Drift is a more general mining term, meaning a near-horizontal passageway in a mine, following the bed (of coal, for instance) or vein of ore.
Shaft sinkingShaft mining or shaft sinking is the action of excavating a mine shaft from the top down, where there is initially no access to the bottom. Shallow shafts, typically sunk for civil engineering projects, differ greatly in execution method from deep shafts, typically sunk for mining projects. Shaft sinking is one of the most difficult of all mine development methods: restricted space, gravity, groundwater and specialized procedures make the task quite formidable. Shafts may be sunk by conventional drill and blast or mechanised means.
Underground hard-rock miningUnderground hard-rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate "hard" minerals, usually those containing metals, such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin, and lead. It also involves the same techniques used to excavate ores of gems, such as diamonds and rubies. Soft-rock mining refers to the excavation of softer minerals, such as salt, coal, and oil sands. Accessing underground ore can be achieved via a decline (ramp), inclined vertical shaft or adit.
Extraction du charbonLextraction du charbon est le processus de collecte de charbon dans le sol. Le charbon représente une source d'énergie fossile et, depuis les années 1880, il est largement exploité dans les centrales électriques. Les industries de l'acier et du béton se servent du charbon pour alimenter l'extraction des minerais et la production des matériaux. Depuis l'époque où les humains creusaient des tunnels pour extraire manuellement le minerai, l'extraction du charbon a connu de nombreuses évolutions ; il est extrait de Mines à ciel ouvert ou de longues tailles.
Exploitation minièrethumb|Extraction d'un gisement de charbon. thumb|Mineur portant sa collecte de soufre depuis le sol du volcan Ijen (2015). thumb|Carte simplifiée des activités minières dans le monde. vignette|SMD: Séance de travail entre les cadres des Ministères des Mines et de la Géologie; de l'Administration du Territoire et de la Décentralisation et l'Administration de la société aurifère NordGold Guinée.
