The hacker culture is a subculture of individuals who enjoy—often in collective effort—the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming the limitations of software systems or electronic hardware (mostly digital electronics), to achieve novel and clever outcomes. The act of engaging in activities (such as programming or other media) in a spirit of playfulness and exploration is termed hacking. However, the defining characteristic of a hacker is not the activities performed themselves (e.g. programming), but how it is done and whether it is exciting and meaningful. Activities of playful cleverness can be said to have "hack value" and therefore the term "hacks" came about, with early examples including pranks at MIT done by students to demonstrate their technical aptitude and cleverness. The hacker culture originally emerged in academia in the 1960s around the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)'s Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) and MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Hacking originally involved entering restricted areas in a clever way without causing any major damage. Some famous hacks at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology were placing of a campus police cruiser on the roof of the Great Dome and converting the Great Dome into R2-D2.
Richard Stallman explains about hackers who program:
What they had in common was mainly love of excellence and programming. They wanted to make their programs that they used be as good as they could. They also wanted to make them do neat things. They wanted to be able to do something in a more exciting way than anyone believed possible and show "Look how wonderful this is. I bet you didn't believe this could be done."
Hackers from this subculture tend to emphatically differentiate themselves from what they pejoratively call "crackers"; those who are generally referred to by media and members of the general public using the term "hacker", and whose primary focusbe it to malign or for malevolent purposeslies in exploiting weaknesses in computer security.
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Couvre les concepts de sécurité de base, la pensée contradictoire, les mécanismes de sécurité et la conduite responsable dans les principes de conception de la sécurité.
En sécurité informatique, le terme hacker, francisé hackeur ou hackeuse, désigne une personne qui recherche les moyens de contourner les protections logicielles et matérielles. Il agit par curiosité, à la recherche de la gloire, par conscience politique, contre rémunération, ou bien par vengeance ou malveillance. L'usage dans ce sens est contesté par la sous-culture du même nom, qui propose le terme cracker pour le remplacer, sans qu'il parvienne à s'imposer.
Richard Matthew Stallman, né le à Manhattan, connu aussi sous les initiales rms (en minuscules), est un programmeur et militant du logiciel libre. Initiateur du mouvement du logiciel libre, il lance, en 1983, le projet GNU et la licence publique générale GNU connue aussi sous le sigle GPL. Il a popularisé le terme anglais « copyleft ». Programmeur renommé de la communauté informatique américaine et internationale, il a développé de nombreux logiciels dont les plus connus des développeurs sont l’éditeur de texte , le (GCC), le (gdb) mais aussi, en collaboration avec Roland McGrath, le moteur de production .
The hacker culture is a subculture of individuals who enjoy—often in collective effort—the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming the limitations of software systems or electronic hardware (mostly digital electronics), to achieve novel and clever outcomes. The act of engaging in activities (such as programming or other media) in a spirit of playfulness and exploration is termed hacking. However, the defining characteristic of a hacker is not the activities performed themselves (e.g.
Qu'est-ce que la science fait au monde ? Ce cours propose de réfléchir à cette question à partir des exemples offerts par l'histoire des sciences et des techniques, du XVIIIe siècle à nos jours.
This is an introductory course to computer security and privacy. Its goal is to provide students with means to reason about security and privacy problems, and provide them with tools to confront them.