Réplication virale | EPFL Graph Search

vignette|Schéma récapitulatif du cycle de réplication viral du virus Influenza (grippe) La réplication virale est l'ensemble des processus biochimiques qui se déroulent dans la cellule infectée par un virus et qui ont pour effet de produire de nouvelles unités de ce virus (ou virions). Ce mode de multiplication parasitaire qui exploite le mécanisme de réplication de l'ADN est ce qui définit les virus. Les virus doivent d'abord pénétrer dans la cellule avant que la réplication virale puisse se produire. Grâce à la génération de copies abondantes de son génome et à l'encapsidation de ces copies, le virus peut continuer à infecter de nouveaux hôtes. La réplication des virus au sein des cellules est très variée et dépend du type de gènes viraux impliqués. La plupart des virus à ADN s'assemblent dans le noyau, tandis que la plupart des virus à ARN se développent uniquement dans le cytoplasme. Cycle de réplication virale classique Chaque virus possède des modes de réplication

Broad-spectrum Antiviral Nanoparticles

Marie Müller

Viral infections affect millions of people every year, yet broad-spectrum virucidal therapies are not available. Antiviral substances in current use act on specific viral mechanisms against only a small number of viruses. Virustatic materials interfere with the viral infection cycle before the cells become infected. By targeting highly conserved attachment receptors, they can be broad-spectrum and non-toxic. However, their reversible virus binding renders them ineffective in-vivo and therapeutically irrelevant. Broad-spectrum virucidal substances that irreversibly inhibit viral infectivity do exist, but are too toxic for therapeutic applications. An ideal antiviral method would be broad-spectrum, virucidal instead of virustatic and therefore irreversible, and non-toxic. The scientific literature describes gold-nanoparticles (NPs) with 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (MES) ligands as virustatic since these NPs only bind reversibly to viral attachment ligands. In our research group, we postulated that by lengthening the ligands to 11-mercapto-1-undecanesulfonate (MUS), their binding would be stronger and induce a force on the viruses sufficient to damage the virus irreversibly. Virological testing indicated that these MUS NPs do exhibit a virucidal effect against a wide range of viruses. The present study was able to show the structural damage to viruses in their near-native state imaged in cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM). We found that while virustatic MES NPs attach only in small numbers to the viruses virucidal MUS NPs avidly attach to viruses and show a clear progression towards fully NP-covered viruses, which we interpret as the morphology of the virucidal endpoint. The analysis of the immediate interaction of virucidal NPs and viruses showed that virucidal NPs bind to proteins vital to the viral infection cycle: (1) Virucidal NPs bind to glycoproteins on the viral envelope that exert a force onto the viral envelope leading to envelope breakage. (2) Virucidal NPs attach to released viral capsids that break upon interaction with virucidal NPs and become fully NP covered, which is the morphology of the virucidal endpoint. This project provided an opportunity to advance the field of NPs â based antivirals. It is the first study to provide a solution-state visualisation of the interaction of viruses and virucidal NPs. The study further offers important insight to the association of single NPs with viral proteins of the envelope and virus capsid as well as their effect upon them, and offers a new approach for the future of broad-spectrum non-toxic virucidal therapies. Keywords Nanoparticles, Viruses, CryoEM, CryoET, broad-spectrum antivirals, virustatic, virucidal, HSPG, HSV

EPFL2017

Identification of potential HIV restriction factors by combining evolutionary genomic signatures with functional analyses

Jérémie Perreaud, Daniel Sauter, Amalio Telenti, Danielle Thompson

Background: Known antiretroviral restriction factors are encoded by genes that are under positive selection pressure, induced during HIV-1 infection, up-regulated by interferons, and/or interact with viral proteins. To identify potential novel restriction factors, we performed genome-wide scans for human genes sharing molecular and evolutionary signatures of known restriction factors and tested the anti-HIV-1 activity of the most promising candidates. Results: Our analyses identified 30 human genes that share characteristics of known restriction factors. Functional analyses of 27 of these candidates showed that over-expression of a strikingly high proportion of them significantly inhibited HIV-1 without causing cytotoxic effects. Five factors (APOL1, APOL6, CD164, TNFRSF10A, TNFRSF10D) suppressed infectious HIV-1 production in transfected 293T cells by >90% and six additional candidates (FCGR3A, CD3E, OAS1, GBP5, SPN, IFI16) achieved this when the virus was lacking intact accessory vpr, vpu and nef genes. Unexpectedly, over-expression of two factors (IL1A, SP110) significantly increased infectious HIV-1 production. Mechanistic studies suggest that the newly identified potential restriction factors act at different steps of the viral replication cycle, including proviral transcription and production of viral proteins. Finally, we confirmed that mRNA expression of most of these candidate restriction factors in primary CD4+ T cells is significantly increased by type I interferons. Conclusions: A limited number of human genes share multiple characteristics of genes encoding for known restriction factors. Most of them display anti-retroviral activity in transient transfection assays and are expressed in primary CD4+ T cells.

Biomed Central Ltd2015

Broad-spectrum Antiviral Nanoparticles

Marie Müller

EPFL2017