Fundamental thermodynamic relationIn thermodynamics, the fundamental thermodynamic relation are four fundamental equations which demonstrate how four important thermodynamic quantities depend on variables that can be controlled and measured experimentally. Thus, they are essentially equations of state, and using the fundamental equations, experimental data can be used to determine sought-after quantities like G (Gibbs free energy) or H (enthalpy).
Mechanical equivalent of heatIn the history of science, the mechanical equivalent of heat states that motion and heat are mutually interchangeable and that in every case, a given amount of work would generate the same amount of heat, provided the work done is totally converted to heat energy. The mechanical equivalent of heat was a concept that had an important part in the development and acceptance of the conservation of energy and the establishment of the science of thermodynamics in the 19th century.
Exact differentialIn multivariate calculus, a differential or differential form is said to be exact or perfect (exact differential), as contrasted with an inexact differential, if it is equal to the general differential for some differentiable function in an orthogonal coordinate system (hence is a multivariable function whose variables are independent, as they are always expected to be when treated in multivariable calculus). An exact differential is sometimes also called a total differential, or a full differential, or, in the study of differential geometry, it is termed an exact form.
Énergie chimiqueL'énergie chimique est le potentiel pour une substance chimique à subir une réaction chimique pour se transformer en d'autres substances. Les piles, les aliments et les combustibles fossiles sont des exemples de supports de stockage de l'énergie chimique. La rupture ou la création de liaisons chimiques implique de l'énergie, qui peut être absorbée ou dégagée par un système chimique (sous forme de chaleur ou d'énergie électrique par exemple).
Inexact differentialAn inexact differential or imperfect differential is a differential whose integral is path dependent. It is most often used in thermodynamics to express changes in path dependent quantities such as heat and work, but is defined more generally within mathematics as a type of differential form. In contrast, an integral of an exact differential is always path independent since the integral acts to invert the differential operator. Consequently, a quantity with an inexact differential cannot be expressed as a function of only the variables within the differential.
Processus quasi statiqueUne transformation est dite quasi statique si tous les états intermédiaires du système thermodynamique au cours de la transformation sont des états définis, proches d'états d'équilibre. Cela implique que le déséquilibre des variables d'état, responsable de la transformation, soit infiniment petit. Pour qu'une transformation soit quasi statique, il faut donc qu'elle soit très lente, de manière que l'on puisse considérer qu'elle est constituée d'une succession d'états d'équilibre.
Constantin CarathéodoryConstantin Carathéodory (Κωνσταντῖνος Καραθεoδωρῆς) (né le à Berlin et mort le à Munich) est un mathématicien grec auteur d'importants travaux en théorie des fonctions à variables réelles, calcul des variations et théorie de la mesure. En 1909, Carathéodory fit œuvre de pionnier dans la formulation axiomatique de la thermodynamique en utilisant une approche purement géométrique. Constantin Carathéodory naît à Berlin de parents grecs phanariotes, puis il grandit à Bruxelles, où son père Stéphane Carathéodory était ambassadeur de l'Empire ottoman en Belgique.
Thermodynamic operationA thermodynamic operation is an externally imposed manipulation that affects a thermodynamic system. The change can be either in the connection or wall between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings, or in the value of some variable in the surroundings that is in contact with a wall of the system that allows transfer of the extensive quantity belonging that variable. It is assumed in thermodynamics that the operation is conducted in ignorance of any pertinent microscopic information.
