Caoutchouc synthétique

Résumé

Les caoutchoucs synthétiques (ou artificiels) sont un type d’élastomère, invariablement polymères. Comme les matières plastiques, ils sont souvent issus d’un combustible fossile. Un élastomère possède une meilleure déformation élastique sous contrainte que la plupart des matériaux et revient à sa forme initiale sans aucune déformation permanente. Son premier usage est la fabrication de pneus (où l'on trouve aussi une certaine proportion de caoutchouc réalisé avec du latex naturel, notamment dans les pneus de camions). Utilisations Ils servent de substitut au caoutchouc naturel (sigle NR) dans certains cas, spécialement lorsque des propriétés mécaniques élevées sont requises. On distingue les propriétés mécaniques statiques comme la traction, le déchirement, l’abrasion et la (DRC) et les dynamiques (dans ce cas, le matériau est soumis à des efforts alternés) comme la résilience et la flexion. Les faiblesses du NR concernent sa tenue au vieillissement (il poisse avec app

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caoutchouc_synth%C3%A9tique

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vignette|Fibres de polyester observées au Microscopie électronique à balayage. vignette|La fabrication d'une éolienne fait intervenir le moulage de composites résines/renforts. Les polymères (étymol

Rubber, also called India rubber, latex, Amazonian rubber, caucho, or caoutchouc, as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organi

vignette|Le caoutchouc naturel contient 99,9 % d'unités 1,4-cis-, au nombre d'environ . Il possède une élasticité, des propriétés mécaniques et une résilience élevées. Mais il est très sensible à l'ac

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Macrocyclization of omega-Isocyanoaldehydes and Towards the Total Synthesis of Jamaicensamide A

Teerawat Songsichan

In the first chapter of this thesis, the macrocyclization of a new type of bifunctional substrates, omega-isocyanoaldehyde derivatives, is described. Ten different omega-isocyanoaldehydes in terms of different ring sizes and functional groups were prepared. They were smoothly proceeded under the simple multicomponent reactions including Passerini reaction, Ugi reaction and modified Ugi reaction. A wide range of 9- to 22-membered macrocyclic lactams were obtained in low to excellent yields with up to four bonds were formed in a single step. In the second chapter, synthetic studies towards the total synthesis of cyclic peptide jamaicensamide A are presented. We applied our strategy to cyclize the advanced intermediate containing omega-isocyanoaldehyde into the cyclic peptide in one-pot procedure. The precursors for the preparation of omega-isocyanoaldehydes with different functional groups and protecting groups were prepared. The derived 24-membered cyclic peptides were formed in good yields. The study on the deprotection of protecting groups is still on-going to complete the total synthesis of jamaicensamide A.

EPFL2021

Chargement

Synthetic Studies toward Amanita Phalloides Toxins

Philipp Georg Werner Seeberger

Amatoxins are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified bicyclic octapeptides biosynthesized by the deadly basidiomycete fungus Amanita phalloides. Amongst this group, alpha-amanitin is the most widely known toxin and is currently under investigation as part of an antibody-drug conjugate to treat pancreatic cancer. As a consequence, an efficient, modular synthetic route to the molecule is highly desirable. This thesis describes our efforts toward the development of a novel synthesis of alpha-amanitin. An unprecedented tryptathionine formation was envisioned as the key step, which would generate the characteristic cross-linker between cysteine and tryptophan and allow for late stage diversification of the molecule. The transformation would be realized in analogy to a report by Fagnou and co-workers, describing a Rh(III)-catalyzed oxidative annulation of aniline derivatives with internal alkynes to form 2,3-disubstituted indoles. In this effort, several methods for the regioselective formation of 2-substituted indoles were identified in studies with a model thioalkyne. 3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl was chosen as an orthogonal protecting group for the indole nitrogen, and the regioselectivity with respect to substitution on the ring was controlled by exploiting the sterics of the substituent. A method for the selective preparation of 3 sulfenyl indoles was also identified. For several decades, the total synthesis of amanitin had been prevented due to the lack of an efficient method to prepare the characteristic unnatural amino acid dihydroxyisoleucine (DhIle). The present thesis describes a novel, efficient and modular synthesis of this challenging scaffold. The crucial anti-diastereselectivity in the generation of its characteristic stereocenters was obtained in an organocatalyzed asymmetric Mannich reaction/olefination protocol. To avoid lactonization, an alternative synthetic route to a DhIle-containing dipeptide 234 was developed, allowing for the efficient preparation of the valuable diol on a larger scale. Subsequently, preliminary results demonstrated the feasibility of a proposed Pd(II)-catalyzed thioalkynylation by the synthesis of a model dipeptide, and its applicability on a model macrocyclic peptide scaffold was shown. This was later used as a proof of concept for the key Cp*Rh(III)-catalyzed tryptathionine formation. Unfortunately, the isolation of this bicyclic octapeptide was so far unsuccessful, as was the preparation of the target amanitin scaffold. As a consequence, an alternative synthetic strategy to this peptide scaffold was developed. Future works would include its preparation on a larger scale to evaluate the key transformation and access the target alpha-amanitin. The envisioned strategy for the synthesis of alpha-amanitin was also probed for the potential preparation of phalloidin, another potent compound produced by the Death Cap mushroom, with interesting applications as a biological tool. In this effort, a novel synthetic route to a dipeptide containing the characteristic dihydroxyleucine moiety was developed. A route to the cyclic phalloidin scaffold was explored, as well as a potential alternative route to the linear scaffold to allow for efficient scaling of the synthesis.

EPFL2020

Chargement

The work presented in this thesis focuses on the synthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids. The first part describes the development of a general methodology to provide an enantioenriched platform, useful for the convergent synthesis of Akuammiline alkaloids. Despite a series of attempts using chiral phosphoric acids, the enantioselective desymmetrization of meso-1,3-diones turned out to be complex and was unfortunately unsuccessful. The second part details our first approach toward the total synthesis of (±)-alstolactine A, (±)-alstolactine B and (±)-alstolactine C. A robust eighteen-step sequence was developed, however, the numerous issues we encountered while attempting to complete the synthesis led us to re-evaluate our strategy. The third part of this thesis details the 22 steps synthesis of (±)-alstolactine A from commercially available starting materials. Our approach involves: a) creation of a quaternary stereocenter C7 at an early stage; b) rapid build-up of the first lactone; c) diastereoselective azidolactonization; d) [Ni(cod)2]-mediated intramolecular cyclization to construct the azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane bridged system and e) formation of the last lactone via epoxide opening. Finally, the fourth and fifth parts describe the synthetic studies toward various members of the Akuammiline family: (±)-alstolactine B and (±)-alstolactine C and the possibilities to reach (±)-scholarisine K, (±)-scholarisine L and (±)-scholarisine M starting from an advanced intermediate from our strategy.

EPFL2019

Chargement

Synthetic Studies toward Amanita Phalloides Toxins

Philipp Georg Werner Seeberger

EPFL2020