PALcodePALcode (Privileged Architecture Library code) is the name used by DEC in the Alpha instruction set architecture (ISA) for a set of functions in the System Reference Manual (SRM) or AlphaBIOS firmware, providing a hardware abstraction layer for system software, covering features such as cache management, translation lookaside buffer (TLB) miss handling, interrupt handling, and exception handling. It evolved from a feature of the DEC PRISM architecture named Epicode.
Memory management (operating systems)In operating systems, memory management is the function responsible for managing the computer's primary memory. The memory management function keeps track of the status of each memory location, either allocated or free. It determines how memory is allocated among competing processes, deciding which gets memory, when they receive it, and how much they are allowed. When memory is allocated it determines which memory locations will be assigned. It tracks when memory is freed or unallocated and updates the status.
Memory-mapped fileA memory-mapped file is a segment of virtual memory that has been assigned a direct byte-for-byte correlation with some portion of a file or file-like resource. This resource is typically a file that is physically present on disk, but can also be a device, shared memory object, or other resource that the operating system can reference through a . Once present, this correlation between the file and the memory space permits applications to treat the mapped portion as if it were primary memory.
Alignement en mémoireEn informatique, les contraintes d'alignement en mémoire limitent à certains multiples d'adresse mémoire, où certaines données et instructions machine peuvent être enregistrées. En outre, les optimisations d'alignement mémoire permettent d'influencer la vitesse d'exécution d'un programme uniquement en choisissant bien les adresses. Pour augmenter leurs performances, les processeurs sont souvent reliés à la mémoire vive par un bus de données plus large que la granularité de leur adressage : par exemple un processeur est capable d'adresser individuellement des octets (8 bits), relié à la mémoire par un bus de (32 bits).
MultibusMultibus is a computer bus standard used in industrial systems. It was developed by Intel Corporation and was adopted as the IEEE 796 bus. The Multibus specification was important because it was a robust, well-thought out industry standard with a relatively large form factor, so complex devices could be designed on it. Because it was a well-defined and well-documented industry standard, it allowed a Multibus-compatible industry to grow around it, with many companies making card cages and enclosures for it.
Algorithmes de remplacement des lignes de cacheArticle principal : mémoire cache Les mémoires caches dans les matériels informatiques sont le plus souvent partiellement associatives : une ligne de la mémoire principale ne peut être rangée que dans une partie bien définie de la mémoire cache. Dans le cas d'une mémoire cache logicielle, il est possible qu'elle soit totalement associative et gérée globalement. Dans les deux cas, se pose le problème de devoir dégager une place dans la mémoire cache, ou dans la partie de celle-ci concernée, lorsque celle-ci est pleine et qu'on veut y charger des données de la mémoire principale.
Dirty bitA dirty bit or modified bit is a bit that is associated with a block of computer memory and indicates whether the corresponding block of memory has been modified. The dirty bit is set when the processor writes to (modifies) this memory. The bit indicates that its associated block of memory has been modified and has not been saved to storage yet. When a block of memory is to be replaced, its corresponding dirty bit is checked to see if the block needs to be written back to secondary memory before being replaced or if it can simply be removed.
Overlay (programming)In a general computing sense, overlaying means "the process of transferring a block of program code or other data into main memory, replacing what is already stored". Overlaying is a programming method that allows programs to be larger than the computer's main memory. An embedded system would normally use overlays because of the limitation of physical memory, which is internal memory for a system-on-chip, and the lack of virtual memory facilities.
Logical addressIn computing, a logical address is the address at which an item (memory cell, storage element, network host) appears to reside from the perspective of an executing application program. A logical address may be different from the physical address due to the operation of an address translator or mapping function. Such mapping functions may be, in the case of a computer memory architecture, a memory management unit (MMU) between the CPU and the memory bus.
