Histoire de l'environnement | EPFL Graph Search

L'histoire de l'environnement ou histoire environnementale est une sous-discipline de l'histoire. Elle étudie les interrelations et les interactions entre l'homme et son environnement. C'est une science qui touche donc à tout ce qui est autour de l'homme et qui est en relation avec lui. L'histoire environnementale est proche notamment de la biogéographie historique. Les milieux scientifiques parlent aussi d'écologie rétrospective. Les historiens se basent sur des sources très variées, allant des archives politiques aux coupes glaciaires. De plus, l'histoire de l'environnement renferme une panoplie de thématiques, allant de l'histoire des forêts à l'étude de l'environnement sonore. Elle se caractérise également par une approche très pluridisciplinaire et transversale. L'histoire de l'environnement est une préoccupation récente. Ce champ théorique émerge aux États-Unis au début des années 1970 et s'exporte dans le reste du monde au cours des années qui suivent. Cette discipline apparaît en conjonction avec la montée des mouvements écologistes et des nouvelles préoccupations humaines de l'environnement. Pour les périodes les plus récentes elle parle de l'anthropocène et de la grande accélération. L'histoire de l'environnement est un courant historiographique né aux États-Unis dans les années 1960 et 1970. À cette époque, on observe une prise de conscience écologiste dans les principaux États européens : ainsi, Georges Pompidou, inspiré par une visite aux États-Unis, instaure en 1971 le premier ministère français de l’environnement. Aujourd’hui encore, les préoccupations environnementales représentent la source d'inspiration majeure aux historiens environnementalistes et leur fournissent de nouveaux sujets d’étude. Le livre de Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind publié en 1967, est considéré comme le texte fondateur de l’histoire de l'environnement. C’est d’ailleurs cet auteur qui, dans un article de la revue Pacific Historical Review, utilise pour la première fois l’expression : « histoire de l’environnement ».

Conduit, Patio, Waste: Mapping Environmental Relations in Bairro da Malagueira

Bárbara Maçães E Costa

The ongoing ecological crisis is reframing the common binary opposition between architecture and nature and provoking us to ask what kinds of buildings we collectively want to create for the ecosystems that we inhabit. The environment is not a neutral background, a natural scenery, or a container of pre-social resources; and architecture is not a collection of objects floating in a vacuum. Buildings and landscapes constitute each other dialectically. The environmental question in Western architecture had a peak moment during the contextualism debates of the 1950s and 60s, in the UK and Italy. They equated context with ideas such as ecological urbanism and habitat, or preesistenze ambientali and continuita . But by the 1970âs there was a shift from a sort of socio-biological determinism towards a more culturalist approach. Context became synonymous with historical context, and site-specificity was to be achieved less through a dialectical interplay with material reality than through a referential, typo-morphological approach. Gradually, a rift emerged: ecology became a matter of natural fact to be technologically calculated, and context became a matter of cultural identity to be narrated and deconstructed. From this point onwards, and in tandem with the rise of neoliberal commodification and its correlate ideology of postmodernism, Western architecture lost the ability to tackle the environmental question beyond the narrow scope of the individual architectural object. Before this split, the modernist tradition had attempted to address the built environment, and housing projects in particular, as a socio-ecological totality. Backed by large-scale funding initiatives from social-democratic states, human and non-human life could be understood dialectically, with the neighbourhood scale functioning as a mediating unit between the individual and the social. Alvaro Siza's Bairro da Malagueira was one of the last projects of this generation. It emerged from the very particular conditions of the 1974/75 Carnation Revolution and the state-sponsored housing program SAAL, a dual power structure made up of construction technical brigades and neighbourhood committees. During this process, the SAAL-Norte produced a series of projects focused on reinventing the typology of the ilha, and Alvaro Siza wrote a text considering the hypothesis of the proletarian island as basic element of the urban tissue. What was taken from these islands was less their stylistic or typological configuration than the system of environmental relations that they fostered, predicated on a series of threshold spaces and open interiorities. From Bairro da Malagueira, this thesis proposes a method for mapping environmental relations in architecture. It does so by identifying a series of thresholds, namely the conduit, the patio, and the waste, understood as structures that convert space into bounded associations, mediating between inside and outside, foreground and background, architecture and nature. Each threshold acts as a time-space frame with a specific magnitude of approximation, and each internalizes sets of social relations, such as class, gender and race, with corresponding modes of environmental production, namely the hidden backgrounds of territory, domesticity, and wilderness. Bairro da Malagueira hence becomes a template through which this thesis explores a dialectical understanding of architecture as an agent of environmental history.

EPFL2021

Conduit, Patio, Waste: Mapping Environmental Relations in Bairro da Malagueira

Bárbara Maçães E Costa

EPFL2021