Bang supersonique | EPFL Graph Search

Le bang supersonique désigne l'onde sonore créée par un mobile à vitesse supersonique et sa propagation dans l'air. Les écoulements supersoniques Le domaine qui nous intéresse est régi par les équations d'Euler qui négligent les propriétés de transport, en particulier la viscosité. Elles sont décrites par un nombre sans dimension, le nombre de Mach noté M, rapport de la vitesse dans le milieu à la vitesse du son dans ce même milieu, environ 340 m/s pour l'air au repos. L'utilisation de cette quantité montre l'invariance d'échelle : deux écoulements sur des corps homothétiques sont homothétiques. Ceci justifie l'emploi de maquettes pour les essais en soufflerie. L'objet est supposé en vol supersonique, M > 1. Son déplacement génère à l'avant une onde de choc qui est une discontinuité de toutes les quantités du milieu, y compris de la vitesse de l'air, direction et module. Ces discontinuités sont décrites par les relations de Rankine-Hugoniot. Écoulement autour de l'

Interaction between a surface dielectric barrier discharge and transonic airflows

Samantha Pavon

The use of plasmas in aerodynamics has become a recent topic of interest. The potentialities of different types of plasmas are being investigated for low velocity and high velocity flow control, as well as for plasma-assisted combustion. Dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are good candidates since the transition of the glow or filamentary discharge to an arc is prevented by the dielectric barrier. Moreover, surface DBDs allow to ionize the gas very close to the dielectric surface and can be used to ionize the boundary layer around an object immersed in a flow. The research in flow control has basically followed two main paths: the study of DBDs in low-speed airflows and the study of volume glow or corona discharges in supersonic airflows. Until today, there has been an important technological barrier in experimental investigations with surface DBDs. Atmospheric pressure surface DBDs in air have been difficult to maintain for long operation times, typically several hours, because reactive species created in the plasma (for example atomic oxygen) generate intensive etching of the electrode and dielectric materials. Oxidation of the electrodes or reduction of the dielectric thickness will eventually lead to plasma extinction or arcing respectively. This important issue has prevented detailed studies of DBDs in extreme environment, namely in high-speed airflows. In the present work, a solution to this technological problem has been found and is presented. Low temperature co-fireable ceramic (LTCC) technology allows, for the first time, to fully encapsulate the electrodes in a ceramic matrix and maximize the lifetime of the DBD system. Encapsulation improves the reproducibility of the experiments. Moreover, the plate can be manufactured in a curved shape. This technological advance permits, in the frame of the research presented here, to carry out a detailed experimental investigation of DBDs in high-speed flows. The goal of this experimental research is to improve the physical understanding of the interaction between a local atmospheric discharge, causing a localized weak ionization of the surrounding airflow, and the shock wave structure in transonic and supersonic flows typical for aeronautic applications. The fundamental nature of the research makes it relevant in a large domain of applications such as sonic boom alleviation, the reduction of aerodynamic losses (drag reduction) or combustion improvement. The surface dielectric barrier discharge is first characterized without airflow in order to understand the influence of the applied electrical conditions and the structure of the DBD plate on the discharge regime its spatial distribution. Current curves and photomultiplier measurements show that the DBD comprises a filamentary and a continuous (glow- or corona-like) component. Increasing the applied voltage ramp (dU2/dt) results in an increase in the filament generation rate and current peak amplitude. The geometry of the electrodes has little effect on the burning voltage but plays a role in the filament generation rate. Encapsulation reduces the rate of filament production and the expansion of the plasma around the upper electrode but it generates a more uniform distribution of the plasma on the surface and as a function of time. The behavior of the surface DBD in a high-speed air flow is first studied in a simple aerodynamic configuration: a flat DBD plate mounted on one wall of the nozzle. It is demonstrated that the DBD generated by this system can be sustained in supersonic airflows up to free stream Mach numbers of M∞=1.1. Current and time-resolved light emission measurements (photomultiplier) show that there are modifications in the discharge regime at high airflow velocity. For overall discharge, the filamentary to continuous component ratio is increased with increasing flow velocities, the plasma becomes relatively more filamentary. For individual microdischarges, the light pulse emission duration is reduced by one order of magnitude. These measurements indicate that there is a change in the breakdown mechanism and it is proposed that a transition from Townsend breakdown to streamer breakdown occurs when the airflow velocity is increased. The inverse problem is then addressed, the effects of the DBD on the airflow, in a case where the plasma is generated on the surface of an airfoil and interacts with the shock structure in the transonic flow field around that airfoil. Although no significant effects of the surface DBD on the normal shock generated in the transonic flow have been observed with the Schlieren visualizations and far-field pressure measurements, the flow modifies the plasma characteristics in a very significant way. In addition to the effects of the flow velocity (as observed in the flat plate experiment), the significant variation of pressure on the surface of the airfoil plays an important role. Decreasing pressure increases the number of filaments and favors high current peak generation. It shows that the discharge characteristics cannot be completely controlled and that they depend on the flow field.

EPFL2008

DIII-D research towards establishing the scientific basis for future fusion reactors

Terunobu Akiyama, Alessandro Bortolon, Xi Chen, Wilfred Anthony Cooper, Huan Du, Yu Fu, Jérôme Guterl, Federico David Halpern, Jeffrey Huang, Kyungjin Kim, Ji Hyun Kim, Sun Hee Kim, Fang Liu, Alessandro Marinoni, Gabriele Merlo, Stefan Müller, Richard Pitts, Mario Podesta, Francesca Maria Poli, Olivier Sauter, Zheng Wang, Yi Wang, Hui Wang, Wei Wu, Gang Yu, Bingying Zhao

DIII-D research is addressing critical challenges in preparation for ITER and the next generation of fusion devices through focusing on plasma physics fundamentals that underpin key fusion goals, understanding the interaction of disparate core and boundary plasma physics, and developing integrated scenarios for achieving high performance fusion regimes. Fundamental investigations into fusion energy science find that anomalous dissipation of runaway electrons (RE) that arise following a disruption is likely due to interactions with RE-driven kinetic instabilities, some of which have been directly observed, opening a new avenue for RE energy dissipation using naturally excited waves. Dimensionless parameter scaling of intrinsic rotation and gyrokinetic simulations give a predicted ITER rotation profile with significant turbulence stabilization. Coherence imaging spectroscopy confirms near sonic flow throughout the divertor towards the target, which may account for the convection-dominated parallel heat flux. Core-boundary integration studies show that the small angle slot divertor achieves detachment at lower density and extends plasma cooling across the divertor target plate, which is essential for controlling heat flux and erosion. The Super H-mode regime has been extended to high plasma current (2.0 MA) and density to achieve very high pedestal pressures (similar to 30 kPa) and stored energy (3.2 MJ) with H-98y2 approximate to 1.6-2.4. In scenario work, the ITER baseline Q = 10 scenario with zero injected torque is found to have a fusion gain metric beta(TE) independent of current between q(95) = 2.8-3.7, and a lower limit of pedestal rotation for RMP ELM suppression has been found. In the wide pedestal QH-mode regime that exhibits improved performance and no ELMs, the start-up counter torque has been eliminated so that the entire discharge uses approximate to 0 injected torque and the operating space is more ITER-relevant. Finally, the high-beta(N) (

2019

Two-fluid plasma model for radial Langmuir probes as a converging nozzle with sonic choked flow, and sonic passage to supersonic flow

Ivo Furno, Philippe Frédérique Bruno Guittienne, Alan Howling

Using the Lambert function, Guittienne et al. [Phys. Plasmas 25, 093519 (2018)] derived two-fluid solutions for radial Langmuir probes in collisionless and isothermal plasma. In this Brief Communication, we point out the close analogy with classical compressible fluid dynamics, where the simultaneous flows of the ion and electron fluids experience opposite electrostatic body forces in the inward radial flow of the plasma, which behaves as a converging nozzle. Hence, the assumed boundary condition of sonic flow of the repelled species at the probe is explained as choked flow. The sonic passage from subsonic to supersonic flow of the attracted species at the sonic radius is also interpreted using classical fluid dynamics. Moreover, the Lambert function can provide a general solution for one-dimensional, isothermal compressible fluids, with several applications.

2019

Interaction between a surface dielectric barrier discharge and transonic airflows

Samantha Pavon

EPFL2008

DIII-D research towards establishing the scientific basis for future fusion reactors

2019