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Le genou est le segment du membre inférieur situé entre la cuisse et la jambe. Il enferme l'articulation du genou. Sa partie antérieure est occupée par la patella palpable sous la peau. Sa partie postérieure correspond à la fosse poplitée. Topographie Le genou a pour limite supérieure la ligne circulaire qui passe à deux travers de doigt au dessus de la patella. Sa limite inférieure est la ligne circulaire passant par l'extrémité inférieure de la tubérosité du tibia. Anatomiquement, on parle de la région du genou qui réunit la région antérieure du genou ou région rotulienne à l'avant et la région postérieure du genou ou région poplitée à l'arrière. Les limites latérales entre les régions antérieure et postérieure sont les lignes verticales rasant les bords postérieurs des condyles latéral et médial du fémur. Arthrologie du genou Articulation du genou Le genou abrite l'articulation du genou. C'est une articulation synoviale qui relie le fémur, le tibia et la

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Fémur

vignette|Vue en coupe de la cuisse montrant le fémur (terminologie latine). Le fémur est l'os long constituant le squelette de la cuisse . Il s'agit de l'os le plus long, le plus lourd et et le pl

Pied (anatomie humaine)

Le pied est la partie distale du membre inférieur de l'être humain. Il est relié à la jambe par l'articulation de la cheville. Il supporte le poids du corps en position debout et permet la locomotion

Human leg

The human leg is the entire lower limb of the human body, including the foot, thigh or sometimes even the hip or buttock region. The major bones of the leg are the femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bo

Actuator With Angle-Dependent Elasticity for Biomimetic Transfemoral Prostheses

Serge Pfeifer

Despite tremendous improvements in recent years, lower-limb prostheses are still inferior to their biological counterparts. Most powered knee joints use impedance control, but it is unknown which impedance profiles are needed to replicate physiological behavior. Recently, we have developed a method to quantify such profiles from conventional gait data. Based on this method, we derive stiffness requirements for knee prostheses, and we propose an actuation concept where physical actuator stiffness changes in function of joint angle. The idea is to express stiffness and moment requirements as functions of angle, and then to combine a series elastic actuator (SEA) with an optimized nonlinear transmission and parallel springs to reproduce the profiles. By considering the angle-dependent stiffness requirement, the upper bound for the impedance in zero-force control could be reduced by a factor of two. We realize this ANGle-dependent ELAstic Actuator (ANGELAA) in a leg, with rubber cords as series elastic elements. Hysteresis in the rubber is accounted for, and knee moment is estimated with a mean error of 0.7 Nm. The nonlinear parallel elasticity creates equilibria near 0◦ as well as 90◦ knee flexion, frequent postures in daily life. Experimental evaluation in a test setup shows force control bandwidth around 5–9 Hz, and a pilot experiment with an amputee subject shows the feasibility of the approach. While weight and power consumption are not optimized in this prototype, the incorporated mechatronic principles may pave the way for cheaper and lighter actuators in artificial legs and in other applications where stiffness requirements depend on kinematic configuration.

2015

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Design of patient-specific cutting guides for trochleoplasty

Khawla Belqadhi, Martí Llairó Bargués, Marc Mato Sabat, Corentin Patrick Cyprien Némoz, Benjamin Previdoli, Gauvain Théo Rudler

Trochlear dysplasia is an anatomic anomaly of the knee that is characterized by an abnormal geometry of the trochlea. The normal shape of the trochlea is concave, but when the trochlea is flat, the patient may experience knee pain, instability and a higher risk of patellar dislocations. One of the treatment options for severe trochlear dysplasia is trochleoplasty, where the distal femur is cut and reshaped to create more of a normal groove. However, this procedure depends mainly on the surgeon’s technique and appreciation of the reshape needed, which is different for each patient. Indeed, 4 main types of trochlear dysplasia can be encountered ranging from flat to convex trochlea. In this project, the students will work in close collaboration with a surgeon at CHUV to develop patient-specific cutting guides for trochleoplasty. 3D bone templates from patients MRI/CT scans will be reconstructed. Cutting guides including cutting slots will be designed for a trochleoplasty adapted to the patient’s anatomy. These guides will be positioned very precisely on the patient’s articular surfaces thanks to the bony projections, which are different for each patient. 3D templates of the patent’s knee as well as the patient-specific cutting guides will be manufactured by 3D printing.

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A Review on Finite Element Modeling and Simulation of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Dimitar Yuriev Stanev

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) constitutes one of the most important stabilizing tissues of the knee joint whose rapture is very prevalent. ACL reconstruction (ACLR) from a graft is a surgery which yields the best outcome. Taking into account the complicated nature of this operation and the high cost of experiments, finite element (FE) simulations can become a valuable tool for evaluating the surgery in a pre-clinical setting. The present study summarizes, for the first time, the current advancement in ACLR in both clinical and computational level. It also emphasizes on the material modeling and properties of the most popular grafts as well as modeling of different surgery techniques. It can be concluded that more effort is needed to be put toward more realistic simulation of the surgery, including also the use of two bundles for graft representation, graft pretension and artificial grafts. Furthermore, muscles and synovial fluid need to be included, while patellofemoral joint is an important bone that is rarely used. More realistic models are also required for soft tissues, as most articles used isotropic linear elastic models and springs. In summary, accurate and realistic FE analysis in conjunction with multidisciplinary collaboration could contribute to ACLR improvement provided that several important aspects are carefully considered.

FRONTIERS MEDIA SA2020

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ME-482: Biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system

The basis for a mechanical description of the musculoskeletal system are presented. This description is based on the concepts of solid mechanics, physiology and anatomy of the musculoskeletal system. Concrete examples of the development of implants are also covered.

BIO-687: Engineering of musculoskeletal system and rehabilitation

This course presents today research questions and methods associated to the musculoskeletal system, its pathologies, and treatment.

ME-484: Numerical methods in biomechanics

Students understand and apply numerical methods (FEM) to answer a research question in biomechanics. They know how to develop, verify and validate multi-physics and multi-scale numerical models. They can analyse and comment results in an oral presentation and a written report.