Métadonnée | EPFL Graph Search

Une métadonnée (mot composé du préfixe grec meta, indiquant l'auto-référence ; le mot signifie donc proprement « donnée de/à propos de donnée ») est une donnée servant à définir ou décrire une autre donnée, quel qu'en soit le support (papier, électronique ou autre). Un exemple type est d'associer à une donnée la date à laquelle elle a été produite ou enregistrée, ou à une photo les coordonnées géographiques du lieu où elle a été prise. Les métadonnées sont à la base des techniques du Web sémantique. Elles sont définies dans le cadre du modèle Resource Description Framework (RDF). Historique Les établissements dont la mission est la gestion de l'information,comme les bibliothèques, archives et musées, ont souvent une longue pratique dans le signalement des contenus ou des documents qu'ils manipulent. Avant l'arrivée de l'informatique, on utilisait des fiches cartonnées dont la structure a été normalisée en 1954 sous la référence ISBD (International standard bibliographic

Conceptual modeling of multimedia databases

Oleksandr Drutskyy

The gap between the semantic content of multimedia data and its underlying physical representation is one of the main problems in the modern multimedia research in general, and, in particular, in the field of multimedia database modeling. We believe that one of the principal reasons of this problem is the attempt to conceptually represent multimedia data in a way, which is similar to its low-level representation by applications dealing with encoding standards, feature-based multimedia analysis, etc. In our opinion, such conceptual representation of multimedia contributes to the semantic gap by separating the representation of multimedia information from the representation of the universe of discourse of an application, to which the multimedia information pertains. In this research work we address the problem of conceptual modeling of multimedia data in a way to deal with the above-mentioned limitations. First, we introduce two different paradigms of conceptual understanding of the essence of multimedia data, namely: multimedia as data and multimedia as metadata. The multimedia as data paradigm, which views multimedia data as the subject of modeling in its own right, is inherent to so-called multimedia-centric applications, where multimedia information itself represents the main part of the universe of discourse. The examples of such kind of applications are digital photo collections or digital movie archives. On the other hand, the multimedia as metadata paradigm, which is inherent to so-called multimedia-enhanced applications, views multimedia data as just another (optional) source of information about whatever universe of discourse that the application pertains to. An example of a multimedia-enhanced application is a human-resource database augmented with employee photos. Here the universe of discourse is the totality of company employees, while their photos simply represent an additional (possibly optional) kind of information describing the universe of discourse. The multimedia conceptual modeling approach that we present in this work allows addressing multimedia-centric applications, as well as, in particular, multimedia-enhanced applications. The model that we propose builds upon MADS (Modeling Application Data with Spatio-temporal features), which is a rich conceptual model defined in our laboratory, and which is, in particular, characterized by structural completeness, spatio-temporal modeling capabilities, and multirepresentation support. The proposed multimedia model is provided in the form of a new modeling dimension of MADS, whose orthogonality principle allows to integrate the new multimedia modeling dimension with already existing modeling features of MADS. The following multimedia modeling constructs are provided: multimedia datatypes, simple and complex representational constraints (relationships), a multimedia partitioning mechanism, and multimedia multirepresentation features. Following the description of our conceptual multimedia modeling approach based on MADS, we present the peculiarities of logical multimedia modeling and of conceptual-to-logical inter-layer transformations. We provide a set of mapping guidelines intended to help the schema designer in coming up with rich logical multimedia document representations of the application domain, which conform with the conceptual multimedia schema. The practical interest of our research is illustrated by a mock-up application, which has been developed to support the theoretical ideas described in this work. In particular, we show how the abstract conceptual set-based representations of multimedia data elements, as well as simple and complex multimedia representational relationships can be implemented using Oracle DBMS.

EPFL2009

Keyword based indexing and searching over storage resource broker

Adnan Abid, Laurent Francioli

A keyword based metadata indexing and searching facility for Storage Resource Broker (SRB) is presented here. SRB is a popular data grid based storage system that provides means to store data and associate metadata information with the stored data. The metadata storage system in SRB is modeled on the attribute-value pair representation. This data structure enables SRB to be used as a general purpose data management platform for a variety of application domains. However, the generic representation of metadata storage mechanism also proves to be a limitation for applications that depend on the extensive use of the associated metadata in order to provide customized search and query operations. The presented work addresses this limitation by providing a keyword based indexing system over the metadata stored in the SRB system. The system is tightly coupled with the SRB metadata catalog; thereby ensuring that the keyword indexes are always kept updated to reflect changes in the host SRB system.

Springer-Verlag New York, Ms Ingrid Cunningham, 175 Fifth Ave, New York, Ny 10010 Usa2007

Adaptive video delivery using semantics

Olivier Steiger

The diffusion of network appliances such as cellular phones, personal digital assistants and hand-held computers has created the need to personalize the way media content is delivered to the end user. Moreover, recent devices, such as digital radio receivers with graphics displays, and new applications, such as intelligent visual surveillance, require novel forms of video analysis for content adaptation and summarization. To cope with these challenges, we propose an automatic method for the extraction of semantics from video, and we present a framework that exploits these semantics in order to provide adaptive video delivery. First, an algorithm that relies on motion information to extract multiple semantic video objects is proposed. The algorithm operates in two stages. In the first stage, a statistical change detector produces the segmentation of moving objects from the background. This process is robust with regard to camera noise and does not need manual tuning along a sequence or for different sequences. In the second stage, feedbacks between an object partition and a region partition are used to track individual objects along the frames. These interactions allow us to cope with multiple, deformable objects, occlusions, splitting, appearance and disappearance of objects, and complex motion. Subsequently, semantics are used to prioritize visual data in order to improve the performance of adaptive video delivery. The idea behind this approach is to organize the content so that a particular network or device does not inhibit the main content message. Specifically, we propose two new video adaptation strategies. The first strategy combines semantic analysis with a traditional frame-based video encoder. Background simplifications resulting from this approach do not penalize overall quality at low bitrates. The second strategy uses metadata to efficiently encode the main content message. The metadata-based representation of object's shape and motion suffices to convey the meaning and action of a scene when the objects are familiar. The impact of different video adaptation strategies is then quantified with subjective experiments. We ask a panel of human observers to rate the quality of adapted video sequences on a normalized scale. From these results, we further derive an objective quality metric, the semantic peak signal-to-noise ratio (SPSNR), that accounts for different image areas and for their relevance to the observer in order to reflect the focus of attention of the human visual system. At last, we determine the adaptation strategy that provides maximum value for the end user by maximizing the SPSNR for given client resources at the time of delivery. By combining semantic video analysis and adaptive delivery, the solution presented in this dissertation permits the distribution of video in complex media environments and supports a large variety of content-based applications.

EPFL2005