Terre (économie)Cet article décrit la façon dont sont traités la terre et ses produits (denrées agricoles, autres ressources naturelles de toutes sortes) dans les sciences économiques, à travers un aperçu historique. La pensée économique du Moyen Âge est issue de la philosophie d'Aristote, renouvelée sous une forme théologique au par saint Thomas d'Aquin, qui fonda la scolastique. Reprenant le droit romain sur les contrats, les scolastiques ont distingué les biens non fongibles (ou durables) et les biens fongibles (ou non durables).
Épargne retraiteL'épargne retraite représente l’ensemble des contrats d’investissements financiers permettant la constitution d’une épargne lors de la vie active, en vue de disposer d’une rente à la retraite. C'est une forme d'épargne par capitalisation. Dans le cadre de la retraite en France, elle est constituée à partir des versements périodiques. Les sommes sont bloquées jusqu'au départ à la retraite et ensuite versées sous forme de capital ou transformées en rente viagère. L'épargne retraite s'intègre dans le système de la retraite en France.
ExpenseAn expense is an item requiring an outflow of money, or any form of fortune in general, to another person or group as payment for an item, service, or other category of costs. For a tenant, rent is an expense. For students or parents, tuition is an expense. Buying food, clothing, furniture, or an automobile is often referred to as an expense. An expense is a cost that is "paid" or "remitted", usually in exchange for something of value. Something that seems to cost a great deal is "expensive".
Emprunt (finance)Un emprunt est une dette financière à long terme, alors que les dettes à moyen et court terme sont habituellement appelées « crédits ». Un emprunt est une dette résultant de l'octroi de prêts remboursables à terme (fonds versés en vertu de dispositions contractuelles à l'exception des concours bancaires courants) qui participent, concurremment avec les capitaux propres, à la couverture des besoins de financement durable de l'entreprise.
Store of valueA store of value is any commodity or asset that would normally retain purchasing power into the future and is the function of the asset that can be saved, retrieved and exchanged at a later time, and be predictably useful when retrieved. The most common store of value in modern times has been money, currency, or a commodity like a precious metal or financial capital. The point of any store of value is risk management due to a stable demand for the underlying asset. Monetary economics is the branch of economics which analyses the functions of money.
Account (bookkeeping)In bookkeeping, an account refers to assets, liabilities, income, expenses, and equity, as represented by individual ledger pages, to which changes in value are chronologically recorded with debit and credit entries. These entries, referred to as postings, become part of a book of final entry or ledger. Examples of common financial accounts are sales, accountsreceivable, mortgages, loans, PP&E, common stock, sales, services, wages and payroll.
Stock and flowEconomics, business, accounting, and related fields often distinguish between quantities that are stocks and those that are flows. These differ in their units of measurement. A stock is measured at one specific time, and represents a quantity existing at that point in time (say, December 31, 2004), which may have accumulated in the past. A flow variable is measured over an interval of time. Therefore, a flow would be measured per unit of time (say a year). Flow is roughly analogous to rate or speed in this sense.
