In common law jurisdictions probate is the judicial process whereby a will is "proved" in a court of law and accepted as a valid public document that is the true last testament of the deceased, or whereby the estate is settled according to the laws of intestacy in the state of residence of the deceased at time of death in the absence of a legal will. The granting of probate is the first step in the legal process of administering the estate of a deceased person, resolving all claims and distributing the deceased person's property under a will.
thumb|450px|Les systèmes juridiques dans le monde. Le droit romano-civiliste, appelé aussi droit romano-germanique (ou droit civil, uniquement au Québec), est un système juridique, qui trouve son origine dans le droit romain, en vigueur dans les États qui admettent que le droit écrit issu de l'expression législative constitue la principale source du droit. Il est souvent opposé au système de common law, dont le cadre intellectuel provient historiquement de la jurisprudence non codifiée créée par les juges, et qui donne une autorité de précédent aux décisions judiciaires antérieures.
Le droit des sociétés est la branche du droit privé qui étudie les sociétés civiles et commerciales. Les règles du droit des sociétés prévoient l'ensemble des dispositions nécessaires à la création, au fonctionnement ainsi qu'à l'éventuelle liquidation de la société. Également, cette branche du droit s'intéresse aux relations entre les différentes parties prenantes de la société — actionnaires, dirigeants et administrateurs notamment —, ainsi qu'aux relations que la société entretient avec les tiers.
Le droit de la famille est une branche du droit privé régissant les relations d'un ensemble d'individus unis par un lien de parenté, d'alliance. Il traite notamment du mariage, des autres formes éventuelles d'union civile, du divorce ou de la séparation de corps, des différentes formes de la filiation, de l'autorité parentale, de la transmission de nom de famille. Exercé par des magistrats spécialisés dans les affaires familiales ou non, il représente dans de nombreux pays une part importante des affaires traitées en matière de droit civil.
A legal treatise is a scholarly legal publication containing all the law relating to a particular area, such as criminal law or trusts and estates. There is no fixed usage on what books qualify as a "legal treatise", with the term being used broadly to define books written for practicing attorneys and judges, textbooks for law students, and explanatory texts for laypersons. The treatise may generally be loose leaf bound with rings or posts so that updates to laws covered by the treatise and annotated by the editor may be added by the subscriber to the legal treatise.
A court of equity, also known as an equity court or chancery court, is a court authorized to apply principles of equity rather than principles of law to cases brought before it. These courts originated from petitions to the Lord Chancellor of England and primarily heard claims for relief other than damages, such as specific performance and extraordinary writs. Over time, most equity courts merged with courts of law, and the adoption of various Acts granted courts combined jurisdiction to administer common law and equity concurrently.
In personam is a Latin phrase meaning "against a particular person". In a lawsuit in which the case is against a specific individual, that person must be served with a summons and complaint (in England & Wales known as Particulars of Claim (CPR 1999)) to give the court jurisdiction to try the case, and the judgment applies to that person and is called an "in personam judgment". In personam is distinguished from in rem, which applies to property or "all the world" instead of a specific person.
A judicial opinion is a form of legal opinion written by a judge or a judicial panel in the course of resolving a legal dispute, providing the decision reached to resolve the dispute, and usually indicating the facts which led to the dispute and an analysis of the law used to arrive at the decision. An opinion may be released in several stages of completeness. First, a bench opinion may be handed down, with the judge or panel of judges indicating their decision and a rough explanation of the reasoning underlying it.
La notion de service public peut désigner : Au sens matériel, une activité d'intérêt général, prise en charge par une personne publique au moyen de prérogatives de puissances publiques Au sens organique et par métonymie, l'organisme gérant un service public, soit une administration publique. Collectivité publique, pouvoirs publics, administration publique et service public sont souvent employés de façon interchangeable, mais ont des définitions techniques distinctes.
A national human rights institution (NHRI) is an independent state-based institution with the responsibility to broadly protect and promote human rights in a given country. The growth of such bodies has been encouraged by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), which has provided advisory and support services, and facilitated access for NHRIs to the United Nations (UN) treaty bodies and other committees.
