In-group favoritismIn-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group–out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. This effect has been researched by many psychologists and linked to many theories related to group conflict and prejudice. The phenomenon is primarily viewed from a social psychology standpoint.
Théorie de l'auto-catégorisationLa théorie de l’auto-catégorisation (TAC) se réfère à un ensemble de suppositions et d'hypothèses touchant au fonctionnement du concept de Soi. Cette théorie est le prolongement de la théorie de l'identité sociale d'Henri Tajfel et John Turner. Après le décès de Tajfel en 1982, John Turner poursuit des travaux sur base de la théorie de l’identité sociale. Pour compléter les recherches de Tajfel, il développe avec son équipe une théorie dont l'objet principal est le Soi, et non pas les relations intergroupes comme dans la théorie de l’identité sociale.
Social identity approach"Social identity approach" is an umbrella term designed to show that there are two methods used by academics to describe certain complex social phenomena- namely the dynamics between groups and individuals. Those two theoretical methods are called social identity theory and self-categorization theory. Experts describe them as two intertwined, but distinct, social psychological theories. The term "social identity approach" arose as an attempt to mitigate against the tendency to conflate the two theories, as well as the tendency to mistakenly believe one theory to be a component of the other.
Organisation socialeL'organisation sociale est en sciences sociales un processus de formation des structures sociales ayant tendance à réguler et ordonner les interactions sociales entre entités sociales. Cette organisation comporte ses propres normes sociales, formes de hiérarchisation et sa propre culture. Elle représente aussi ses formes observables « organisées » (les structures sociales) : sociétés, individus, entreprises, communautés, etc. Une organisation sociale, au sens de structure sociale, est une forme organisée et relativement stable, observable, à laquelle il est possible d'attribuer du sens.
Théorie de l'échange socialLa théorie de l'échange social est une théorie sociologique et psychologique qui étudie le comportement social de l'interaction de deux agents mettant en œuvre une analyse coûts-avantages pour déterminer les risques et bénéfices. La théorie étudie également des relations économiques. La théorie de l'échange social s'applique aux relations amoureuses, amitiés, relations professionnelles et relations éphémères aussi simples que l'échange de mots avec une clientèle.
Contexte socialLe contexte social, le climat social, l'environnement social, ou le milieu social fait référence à l’environnement physique et social immédiat dans lequel se produit une situation donnée. Bien que les termes soient assez similaires, le milieu et l'environnement social n'implique pas nécessairement de prendre en compte l'histoire; ce que permet la notion de « contexte ». Il sera alors question de contexte « historique » ou « sociohistorique ».
Minimal group paradigmThe minimal group paradigm is a method employed in social psychology. Although it may be used for a variety of purposes, it is best known as a method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. Experiments using this approach have revealed that even arbitrary distinctions between groups, such as preferences for certain paintings, or the color of their shirts, can trigger a tendency to favor one's own group at the expense of others, even when it means sacrificing in-group gain.
Group conflictGroup conflict, or hostilities between different groups, is a feature common to all forms of human social organization (e.g., sports teams, ethnic groups, nations, religions, gangs), and also occurs in social animals. Although group conflict is one of the most complex phenomena studied by social scientists, the history of the human race evidences a series of group-level conflicts that have gained notoriety over the years. For example, from 1820 to 1945, it has been estimated that at least 59 million persons were killed during conflicts between groups of one type or another.
Peer groupIn sociology, a peer group is both a social group and a primary group of people who have similar interests (homophily), age, background, or social status. The members of this group are likely to influence the person's beliefs and behaviour. During adolescence, peer groups tend to face dramatic changes. Adolescents tend to spend more time with their peers and have less adult supervision. Adolescents' communication shifts during this time as well.
