Contexte social

Résumé

Le contexte social, le climat social, l'environnement social, ou le milieu social fait référence à l’environnement physique et social immédiat dans lequel se produit une situation donnée. Historique de la notion de contexte social Définitions Bien que les termes soient assez similaires, le milieu et l'environnement social n'implique pas nécessairement de prendre en compte l'histoire; ce que permet la notion de « contexte ». Il sera alors question de contexte « historique » ou « sociohistorique ».

Contexte social : Permet de prendre en compte l'historicité, permettant de situer dans le temps et l'espace, les situations et ou les acteurs.
Milieu social : Désigne un environnement spécifique tel que le milieu universitaire, le milieu familial, etc.
Environnement social : Plus usité en sciences de la santé, il exclu ce qui relève de l'environnement biophysique, dans l'étude des facteurs de risque en santé publique pour désigner ce qui relève du social; c'e

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contexte_social

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Mechanosensory interactions drive collective behaviour in Drosophila

Dario Floreano, Lukas Frisch, Pawel Lichocki, Pavan P Ramdya, Winnie Wing Yee Tse

Collective behaviour enhances environmental sensing and decision-making in groups of animals. Experimental and theoretical investigations of schooling fish, flocking birds and human crowds have demonstrated that simple interactions between individuals can explain emergent group dynamics. These findings indicate the existence of neural circuits that support distributed behaviours, but the molecular and cellular identities of relevant sensory pathways are unknown. Here we show that Drosophila melanogaster exhibits collective responses to an aversive odour: individual flies weakly avoid the stimulus, but groups show enhanced escape reactions. Using high-resolution behavioural tracking, computational simulations, genetic perturbations, neural silencing and optogenetic activation we demonstrate that this collective odour avoidance arises from cascades of appendage touch interactions between pairs of flies. Inter-fly touch sensing and collective behaviour require the activity of distal leg mechanosensory sensilla neurons and the mechanosensory channel NOMPC. Remarkably, through these inter-fly encounters, wild-type flies can elicit avoidance behaviour in mutant animals that cannot sense the odour-a basic form of communication. Our data highlight the unexpected importance of social context in the sensory responses of a solitary species and open the door to a neural-circuit-level understanding of collective behaviour in animal groups.

2015

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This article discusses the concept and the practice of transdisciplinary research, including how it is conceived and implemented through the cooperation of different actors involved. With transdisciplinarity gaining recognition as an approach to addressing sustainable development challenges, the successful integration of various disciplines and actors in the process of knowledge generation becomes essential. Through the Cooperation and Development Center (CODEV), the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) has promoted transdisciplinary research by proposing a space where North–South partnerships integrating academic and non-academic actors enable the expansion of appropriate technologies and innovations adapted to local societal contexts. This study examines five collaborative research projects conducted at the EPFL. By using an analytical framework consisting of design principles for ideal transdisciplinary research, we conducted semi-structured interviews with academic and non-academic members of the research projects to assess the degree of transdisciplinarity. This framework proved to be a useful tool for exploring transdisciplinary dynamics and assessing the effectiveness of joint knowledge generation. We found that the transdisciplinary cooperation involving different actors is not a linear process, as it depends on the social context in which the project is carried out and on the internal and the external organizational structure established for its implementation. We provide recommendations on how transdisciplinarity could be expanded through institutional support and its results could be effectively transferred into science and practice and discuss the implications for further studies in the conclusions.

2019

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Identity-Society (Mis)Alignment And The Instrumentalization Of Firm Creation: Creative Destruction And Creative Reconstruction

Shirah Eden Foy, Marc Gruber

Research on founder identity has significantly advanced our understanding of entrepreneurship and related literatures. By departing from the widely held-though often implicit-assumption that culture defines the parameters of identity formation, this paper investigates how the alignment, or misalignment, between a founder's identity and their perceived sociocultural context influences new firm creation. We engage in an in-depth qualitative study of 49 founders in Taiwan that reveals how founders' identity structures can be (mis)aligned with their perceived social structures, and how the reinforcement or tensions generated by (mis)alignment can fuel the creation of fundamentally different types of ventures-including those that challenge the perceived sociocultural status quo with a social mission intended to push society toward a new equilibrium. Our theory of founder identity-society (mis)alignment is therefore able to specify a key mechanism linking the founder's identity with perceived sociocultural context. Furthermore, we advance the influential Schumpeterian theory of creative destruction beyond the purely economic context to address the broader sociocultural environment and to incorporate the concept of creative reconstruction, in which entrepreneurs seek to restore elements of society past.

ACAD MANAGEMENT2022

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