Réarrangement de Claisen | EPFL Graph Search

Le réarrangement de Claisen (à ne pas confondre avec la condensation du même nom) est une réaction chimique formant une liaison carbone carbone, découverte par Rainer Ludwig Claisen. Lorsqu'on chauffe un vinyle éther allylique, une transposition sigmatropique-[3,3] a lieu et donne un composé carbonylé γ,δ insaturé. centré|300px|Réarrangement de Claisen Découvert en 1912, le réarrangement de Claisen est le premier exemple relevé de réarrangement sigmatropique-[3,3] . De nombreuses études ont été publiées sur le sujet . Mécanisme Le réarrangement de Claisen (et ses variantes) sont exothermiques (~84 kJ/mol), il s'agit de réactions péricycliques concertées avec approche suprafaciale selon les règles de Woodward-Hoffmann. Les effets de solvant joue un rôle important dans ces réactions. Un solvant plus polaire tend à accélérer la réaction. Ceux permettant de créer des liaisons hydrogène permettent d'obtenir les constantes de vitesses les plus grandes. Par exemple un mélange

Structure-Based Engineering of a Minimal Porin Reveals Loop-Independent Channel Closure

Hans Wolfgang Grosse

Porins, like outer membrane protein G (OmpG) of Escherichia coli, are ideal templates among ion channels for protein and chemical engineering because of their robustness and simple architecture. OmpG shows fast transitions between open and closed states, which were attributed to loop 6 (L6). As flickering limits single-channel-based applications, we pruned L6 by either 8 or 12 amino acids. While the open probabilities of both L6 variants resemble that of native OmpG, their gating frequencies were reduced by 63 and 81%, respectively. Using the 3.2 angstrom structure of the shorter L6 variant in the open state, we engineered a minimal porin (220 amino acids), where all remaining extramembranous loops were truncated. Unexpectedly, this minimized porin still exhibited gating, but it was 5-fold less frequent than in OmpG. The residual gating of the minimal pore is hence independent of L6 rearrangements and involves narrowing of the ion conductance pathway most probably driven by global stretching flexing deformations of the membrane-embedded beta-barrel.

Amer Chemical Soc2014

Le réarrangement [1,2] de Wittig

Frédéric Bailly

The importance of catalysis in chemistry has not to be proved anymore. Be it homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis, the constant progresses observed in that field proves its obvious interest. The asymmetric homogeneous catalysis is a method of choice to synthesize chiral substances. Indeed, it allows the obtention of these compounds in an enantioselective way. During transition metal mediated catalytic asymmetric reactions, the chirality is induced by the presence of organic monodentate or bidentate chiral ligand, directly linked to the metal. Very good results were obtained in this kind of reaction with chiral ligands based on binaphthyl skeleton. Initially, this thesis work consisted in the study of the double [1,2] Wittig rearrangement of binaphthyl ethers. It was shown, for allyl carbanion, that only one diastereoisomer is formed during the rearrangement among the three possible one. This diastereoisomer has a C2 symmetry axis and the absolute configuration of the two new asymmetric centers created was assigned. On the other hand, for benzyl or benzhydril carbanions, the results are differents. For the former, the three possible diastereisomer are formed with the unsymmetrical one as the major compound. In the latter case, no rearrangement takes place and only starting material is recovered after neutralization of the reaction mixture. Then, the potential of double [1,2] Wittig rearrangements applied to allyl binaphthyl ethers was evaluate in order to synthesize homochiral compounds usable in asymmetric homogeneous catalysis. It was shown that this transformation could be used to give access to the enantiopur acid 1,1'-binaphtyl-2,2'-dicarboxylic which finds applications in the field of the asymmetric catalysis. The high diastereoselectivity observed during this double rearrangement allowed to develop the kinetic resolution of the binaphthyl skeleton by means of the asymmetric epoxidation according to the conditions described by K.B Sharpless and T Katsuki. Finally, taking profit of the high diastereoselectivity already mentioned, it was possible to elaborate out a new phosphorus ligand whose stereoinduction capacity was evaluated for catalytic asymmetric hydrosilylation.

EPFL2005

Le réarrangement [1,2] de Wittig

Frédéric Bailly

EPFL2005