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Concept
Urbilaterian
Résumé
The urbilaterian (from German ur- 'original') is the hypothetical last common ancestor of the bilaterian clade, i.e., all animals having a bilateral symmetry.
Its appearance is a matter of debate, for no representative has been (or may or may not ever be) identified in the fossil record. Two reconstructed urbilaterian morphologies can be considered: first, the less complex ancestral form forming the common ancestor to Xenacoelomorpha and Nephrozoa; and second, the more complex (coelomate) urbilaterian ancestral to both protostomes and deuterostomes, sometimes referred to as the "urnephrozoan". Since most protostomes and deuterostomes share features — e.g. nephridia (and the derived kidneys), through guts, blood vessels and nerve ganglia— that are useful only in relatively large (macroscopic) organisms, their common ancestor ought also to have been macroscopic. However, such large animals should have left traces in the sediment in which they moved, and evidence of such traces first appear relatively late in the fossil record — long after the urbilaterian would have lived. This leads to suggestions of a small urbilaterian (around 1 mm) which is the supposed state of the ancestor of protostomes, deuterostomes and acoelomorphs.
The first evidence of bilateria in the fossil record comes from trace fossils in sediments towards the end of the Ediacaran period (about ), and the first fully accepted fossil of a bilaterian organism is Kimberella, dating to . There are earlier, controversial fossils: Vernanimalcula has been interpreted as a bilaterian, but may simply represent a fortuitously infilled bubble. Fossil embryos are known from around the time of Vernanimalcula (), but none of these have bilaterian affinities. This may reflect a genuine absence of bilateria, however it is likely this is the case as bilateria may not have laid their eggs in sediment, where they would be likely to fossilise.
Molecular techniques can generate expected dates of the divergence between the bilaterian clades, and thus an assessment of when the urbilaterian lived.
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