Lois de Mendel

Les lois de Mendel sont trois lois concernant les principes de l'hérédité biologique, énoncées par le moine et botaniste de nationalité austro-hongroise Gregor Mendel (1822-1884). La redécouverte des lois de Mendel en 1900, puis leur combinaison avec la découverte des chromosomes, considérés comme le support physique de l'hérédité, est à l'origine de la fondation de la génétique formelle au début du . À la suite de la démonstration du rôle du hasard et de l'environnement dans les phénomènes biologiques, ces lois sont aujourd'hui remises en cause par le biologiste français Jean-Jacques Kupiec. Histoire Vers 1850, au monastère de Brno, comme à Londres, à Paris ou à Vienne, on en était réduit aux hypothèses les plus vagues au sujet de l'hérédité. De multiples expériences consistant à croiser des plantes et des animaux divers avaient permis d'obtenir des résultats heureux. Mais comment ? Selon quels mécanismes précis ? Vers 1850, la théorie la plus accréditée était celle du

À propos de ce résultat

Cette page est générée automatiquement et peut contenir des informations qui ne sont pas correctes, complètes, à jour ou pertinentes par rapport à votre recherche. Il en va de même pour toutes les autres pages de ce site. Veillez à vérifier les informations auprès des sources officielles de l'EPFL.

Publications associées (11)

Publications associées

Chargement

Personnes associées

Chargement

Unités associées

Chargement

Concepts associés (65)

Concepts associés

Chargement

Cours associés (12)

Cours associés

Chargement

Séances de cours associées (33)

Afficher plus

Séances de cours associées

Chargement

Polygenic modelling of treatment effect heterogeneity

Zhi Ming Xu

Mendelian randomization is the use of genetic variants to assess the effect of intervening on a risk factor using observational data. We consider the scenario in which there is a pharmacomimetic (i.e., treatment-mimicking) genetic variant that can be used as a proxy for a particular pharmacological treatment that changes the level of the risk factor. If the association of the pharmacomimetic genetic variant with the risk factor is stronger in one subgroup of the population, then we may expect the effect of the treatment to be stronger in that subgroup. We test for gene-gene interactions in the associations of variants with a modifiable risk factor, where one genetic variant is treated as pharmacomimetic and the other as an effect modifier, to find genetic subgroups of the population with different predicted response to treatment. If individual genetic variants that are strong effect modifiers cannot be found, moderating variants can be combined using a random forest of interaction trees method into a polygenic response score, analogous to a polygenic risk score for risk prediction. We illustrate the application of the method to investigate effect heterogeneity in the effect of statins on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

2020

Chargement

Single-Cell Tracing Dissects Regulation of Maintenance and Inheritance of Transcriptional Reinduction Memory

Johannes Becker, Sebastian Maerkl

Transcriptional memory of gene expression enables adaptation to repeated stimuli across many organisms. However, the regulation and heritability of transcriptional memory in single cells and through divisions remains poorly understood. Here, we combined microfluidics with single-cell live imaging to monitor Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactokinase 1 (GAL1) expression over multiple generations. By applying pedigree analysis, we dissected and quantified the maintenance and inheritance of transcriptional reinduction memory in individual cells through multiple divisions. We systematically screened for loss- and gain-of-memory knockouts to identify memory regulators in thousands of single cells. We identified new loss-of-memory mutants, which affect memory inheritance into progeny. We also unveiled a gain-of-memory mutant, elp6 Delta, and suggest that this new phenotype can be mediated through decreased histone occupancy at the GAL1 promoter. Our work uncovers principles of maintenance and inheritance of gene expression states and their regulators at the single-cell level.

CELL PRESS2020

Chargement

Adamts18 deletion results in distinct developmental defects and provides a model for congenital disorders of lens, lung, and female reproductive tract development

Dalya Ataca, Cathrin Brisken, Marian Caikovski, Yakir Guri, Alessandra Piersigilli

The ADAMTS family comprises 19 secreted metalloproteinases that cleave extracellular matrix components and have diverse functions in numerous disease and physiological contexts. A number of them remain 'orphan' proteases, among them ADAMTS18, which has been implicated in developmental eye disorders, platelet function and various malignancies. To assess in vivo function of ADAMTS18, we generated a mouse strain with inactivated Adamts18 alleles. In the C57Bl6/Ola background, Adamts18 deficient mice are born in a normal Mendelian ratio, and are viable but show a transient growth delay. Histological examination revealed a 100% penetrant eye defect resulting from leakage of lens material through the lens capsule occurring at embryonic day (E)13.5, when the lens grows rapidly. Adamts18 deficient lungs showed altered bronchiolar branching. Fifty percent of the mutant females are infertile because of vaginal obstruction due to either a dorsoventral vaginal septum or imperforate vagina. The incidence of ovarian rete is increased in the mutant mice. Thus, Adamts18 is essential in the development of distinct tissues and the new mouse strain is likely to be useful for investigating ADAMTS18 function in human disease, particularly in the contexts of infertility and carcinogenesis.

Company Of Biologists Ltd2016

Chargement

Gène

Un gène, du grec ancien (« génération, naissance, origine »), est, en biologie, une séquence discrète et héritable de nucléotides dont l'expression affecte les caractères d'un organisme. L'ensemble

Génétique

thumb|upright=1.5|De la molécule d'ADN à la cellule vivante. Le nom de génétique vient de l'adjectif grec , qui qualifie « ce qui est en rapport aux fonctions de génération ». Il dérive du grec , «

Allèle

Un allèle (abréviation d'allélomorphe) est une version d'un locus polymorphe. Il existe généralement quelques allèles pour chaque gène, mais certains gènes (par exemple ceux du CMH) possèdent plusie

BIO-373: Genetics and genomics

The theoretical part of this course covers classical genetics and contemporary genomics. Because bioinformatics has become important for genomic research, the course also includes practical applications to genomic analyses using Python, including group projects.

BIO-105: Cellular biology and biochemistry for engineers

Basic course in biochemistry as well as cellular and molecular biology for non-life science students enrolling at the Master or PhD thesis level from various engineering disciplines. It reviews essential notions necessary for a training in biology-related engineering fields.

BIOENG-110: General Biology

Le but du cours est de fournir un aperçu général de la biologie des cellules et des organismes. Nous en discuterons dans le contexte de la vie des cellules et des organismes, en mettant l'accent sur les principes de réglementation que vous rencontrerez dans vos études de biologie.