Échiquier de PunnettUn échiquier de Punnett, aussi appelé « grille de Punnett », ou tableau de croisement, est un diagramme qui permet de prédire le patrimoine génétique résultant d’un croisement entre parents. Ce diagramme tire son nom de Reginald Punnett qui en établit les principes. Par exemple, pour le daltonisme, dont le gène muté est présent sur le chromosome X à la fréquence de 0,07 et le gène sauvage à celle de 0,93, nous observons 7 % de garçons atteints, et seulement 5 filles atteintes sur 1000, soit les 0,070,07 homozygotes, les 20,07*0,93 hétérozygotes n'étant pas daltoniennes, le gène normal compensant le gène atteint.
PolygèneUn polygène est un membre d'un groupe de gènes non épistatiques qui interagissent de manière additive pour influencer un trait phénotypique, contribuant ainsi à l'hérédité multigénique (hérédité polygénique, hérédité multigénique, hérédité quantitative ), un type d'hérédité non mendélienne, par opposition à l'hérédité monogénique, qui est la notion centrale de l'hérédité mendélienne. Le terme "monozygote" est généralement utilisé pour désigner un gène hypothétique car il est souvent difficile de distinguer l'effet d'un gène individuel des effets d'autres gènes et de l'environnement sur un phénotype particulier.
Déséquilibre de liaisonvignette|Within a family, linkage occurs when two genetic markers (points on a chromosome) remain linked on a chromosome rather than being broken apart by recombination events during meiosis, shown as red lines. In a population, contiguous stretches of founder chromosomes from the initial generation are sequentially reduced in size by recombination events. Over time, a pair of markers or points on a chromosome in the population move from linkage disequilibrium to linkage equilibrium, as recombination events eventually occur between every possible point on the chromosome.
Génétique quantitativeLa génétique quantitative est la génétique des caractères qui peuvent donner lieu à des mesures, que ce soient des caractères à variation continue (tels que le poids ou la taille d'un organisme) ou discontinue (à déterminisme complexe), c'est-à-dire résultant de plusieurs facteurs génétiques ou non (on parle également de génétique multifactorielle). La génétique quantitative s’appuie sur la génétique des populations et les statistiques.
Particulate inheritanceParticulate inheritance is a pattern of inheritance discovered by Mendelian genetics theorists, such as William Bateson, Ronald Fisher or Gregor Mendel himself, showing that phenotypic traits can be passed from generation to generation through "discrete particles" known as genes, which can keep their ability to be expressed while not always appearing in a descending generation. Early in the 19th century, scientists had already recognized that Earth has been inhabited by living creatures for a very long time.
Classical geneticsClassical genetics is the branch of genetics based solely on visible results of reproductive acts. It is the oldest discipline in the field of genetics, going back to the experiments on Mendelian inheritance by Gregor Mendel who made it possible to identify the basic mechanisms of heredity. Subsequently, these mechanisms have been studied and explained at the molecular level. Classical genetics consists of the techniques and methodologies of genetics that were in use before the advent of molecular biology.
Erich von Tschermak-SeyseneggErich von Tschermak-Seysenegg est un botaniste autrichien né le à Vienne et mort le . Il était issu d'une famille de scientifique puisque son père est le minéralogiste Gustav von Tschermak-Seysenegg (1836-1927) et son grand-père maternel a enseigné à Gregor Mendel. Il étudia à l'université de Vienne et fut diplômé de l'université de Halle-Wittenberg. En 1898 il étudie la transmission des caractères en cultivant des pois et rédige ses résultats en 1900.
Hereditary carrierA hereditary carrier (genetic carrier or just carrier), is a person or other organism that has inherited a recessive allele for a genetic trait or mutation but usually does not display that trait or show symptoms of the disease. Carriers are, however, able to pass the allele onto their offspring, who may then express the genetic trait. Autosomal dominant-recessive inheritance is made possible by the fact that the individuals of most species (including all higher animals and plants) have two alleles of most hereditary predispositions because the chromosomes in the cell nucleus are usually present in pairs (diploid).
Experiments on Plant Hybridization"Experiments on Plant Hybridization" (German: "Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden") is a seminal paper written in 1865 and published in 1866 by Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian friar considered to be the founder of modern genetics. The paper was the result after years spent studying genetic traits in Pisum sativum, the pea plant. In his paper, Mendel compared 7 pairs of discrete traits found in a pea plant: Through experimentation, Mendel discovered that one inheritable trait would invariably be dominant to its recessive alternative.
Complex traitsComplex traits, also known as quantitative traits, are traits that do not behave according to simple Mendelian inheritance laws. More specifically, their inheritance cannot be explained by the genetic segregation of a single gene. Such traits show a continuous range of variation and are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Compared to strictly Mendelian traits, complex traits are far more common, and because they can be hugely polygenic, they are studied using statistical techniques such as quantitative genetics and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping rather than classical genetics methods.
