Métastabilité

Résumé

vignette|États d'un système métastable : L'état 1 paraît stable, mais une perturbation suffisante pour dépasser l'état 2 conduira à l’état 3, plus stable que l'état 1 (qui de fait n'est que métastable). vignette|Bille en équilibre métastable au sommet d'un hémisphère. La métastabilité est la propriété d'un état d'apparence stable mais qu'une perturbation peut faire aller rapidement vers un état encore plus stable. En l'absence de perturbation significative la vitesse de la transformation menant à l'état stable peut être très faible, voire quasiment nulle. En réponse à une perturbation déclencheuse la transformation peut être très rapide, voire quasi instantanée. Si on considère un système physico-chimique représenté par son énergie potentielle, un état métastable sera caractérisé par un état qui correspond à un minimum local d'énergie. Pour que le système puisse atteindre l'état du minimum absolu de l'énergie correspondant à l'état d'équilibre thermodynamique, il faut

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tastabilit%C3%A9

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We investigate the non-adiabaticity of current-induced domain wall motion by time resolved analysis of thermally activated domain wall motion between two metastable states within a Co/Pt multilayer wire with a strong uniaxial perpendicular anisotropy. By measuring the dwell times for which the domain wall remains in one state, we deduce the non-adiabaticity factor beta using two independent approaches: (i) the dependence of the dwell times on the injected current and (ii) the current-field equivalency. The comparison of the results allows us to gauge their reliability and the observed differences highlight the importance of the two dimensional (2D) nature of the domain wall. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3663215]

2011

Chargement

Novel nanofabrication methods and the discovery of an efficient manipulation of local magnetization based on spin polarized currents has generated a tremendous interest in the field of spintronics. The search for materials allowing for fast domain wall dynamics requires fundamental research into the effects involved (Oersted fields, adiabatic and non-adiabatic spin torque, Joule heating) and possibilities for a quantitative comparison. Theoretical descriptions reveal a material and geometry dependence of the non-adiabaticity factor beta, which governs the domain wall velocity. Here, we present two independent approaches for determining beta : (i) measuring the dependence of the dwell times for which a domain wall stays in a metastable pinning state on the injected current and (ii) the current-field equivalence approach. The comparison of the deduced beta values highlights the problems of using one-dimensional models to describe two-dimensional dynamics and allows us to ascertain the reliability, robustness and limits of the approaches used.

2012

Chargement

Etude par STM de la déposition d'agrégats d'or sur TiO2 et mesure de l'émission électronique secondaire induite par l'impact d'agrégats sur une surface

Pierre Convers

This thesis work focuses on impact and diffusion processes as well as equilibrium positions of a metal deposited on a surface. The metal is deposited in the form of clusters containing n atoms in a controlled way. Gold or silver clusters cations (Au+n and Ag+n ) are used. Their size (n ∈ [1, 9]), charge state and deposition energy (E = 10 - 4500 eV) are well defined. The surface being at room temperature during the deposition, can be annealed and transferred in a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) after deposition. The variable temperature microscope was developed during this thesis. The approach of the tip is carried out by an axial motor, which renders the microscope very stable. The first part of this work treats of the evolution of gold deposited on a TiO2(110) surface. Position and size of gold islands created by cluster or atomic depositions are determined by STM. Compared to atomic deposition at the same energy (10 < E < 100 eV), the cluster deposition produces smaller islands with a large islands density after annealing at 800 K. Regardless the deposition conditions, gold atoms diffuse on the surface already at 300 K. The impact energy is the key parameter to reduce the diffusion by cluster or atomic implantation or defect creation. Upon a high energy deposition, part of the deposited gold is invisible to the STM. The fate of these gold atoms is unclear : they are either buried under the surface or ejected in vacuum at the impact. The control of the islands size should permit the creation of a stable system with an optimum catalytic activity (i. e. CO combustion). Research groups have shown that this activity is strongly influenced by the islands size. It is equal to zero if the diameter is greater than 5 nm. The second part of this work is devoted to the electron emission γ induced by the impact of silver clusters Ag+n on a Pt and HOPG surface. Measurements are made by varying the impact energy (and so the speed v) of size-selected clusters on a defined surface. Impact velocity ranges from 104 to 105 m/s, which is lower than the classical threshold. Nevertheless every cluster size produces an electron emission. A potential emission (γ(v=0) ≠ 0) is observed for the monomer on both surfaces, which is caused by excited ions in a metastable state. The γ(v) curves are increasing, and no mesurable oscillation are observed. This does not confirm earlier work by Meiwes-Broer et al. These authors found oscillations in γ on similar systems relating them to the electronic structure of the clusters and the surface. A model based on heating of the electron gas is developed. This model gives good agreements with the γ(v) curves. The electronic temperature is estimated to 3000-8000 K. Similar behavior on both surfaces (Pt and HOPG) depending of the cluster size is shown. This behavior is probably related to the geometrical structure of the clusters. Finally, a more pronounced molecular effect is observed for the HOPG : the number of electrons emitted by the impact of a Ag+n is up to 7 times higher than the number of electrons emitted by impacts of n independent atoms. This value is smaller than 2 for the Pt surface.

EPFL2005

Chargement

Etude par STM de la déposition d'agrégats d'or sur TiO2 et mesure de l'émission électronique secondaire induite par l'impact d'agrégats sur une surface

Pierre Convers

EPFL2005