Vote splittingVote splitting is an electoral effect in which the distribution of votes among multiple similar candidates reduces the chance of winning for any of the similar candidates, and increases the chance of winning for a dissimilar candidate. This is commonly known as the spoiler effect, which can discourage minor party candidacies. Vote splitting most easily occurs in plurality voting (also called first-past-the-post) in which each voter indicates a single choice and the candidate with the most votes wins, even if the winner does not have majority support.
Score votingScore voting or range voting is an electoral system for single-seat elections, in which voters give each candidate a score, the scores are added (or averaged), and the candidate with the highest total is elected. It has been described by various other names including evaluative voting, utilitarian voting, interval measure voting, the point system, ratings summation, 0-99 voting, average voting and utility voting. It is a type of cardinal voting electoral system, and aims to implement the utilitarian social choice rule.
Exhaustive ballotThe exhaustive ballot is a voting system used to elect a single winner. Under the exhaustive ballot the elector casts a single vote for their chosen candidate. However, if no candidate is supported by an overall majority of votes then the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and a further round of voting occurs. This process is repeated for as many rounds as necessary until one candidate has a majority. The exhaustive ballot is similar to the two-round system but with key differences.
Elections in the United StatesIn the politics of the United States, elections are held for government officials at the federal, state, and local levels. At the federal level, the nation's head of state, the president, is elected indirectly by the people of each state, through an Electoral College. Today, these electors almost always vote with the popular vote of their state. All members of the federal legislature, the Congress, are directly elected by the people of each state. There are many elected offices at state level, each state having at least an elective governor and legislature.
Indépendant (politique)Les labels indépendant, sans étiquette (abrégé en SE), sans parti (SP), désignent une personnalité politique ne se réclamant d'aucun parti politique ou affirmant son indépendance par rapport aux clivages politiques habituels et proposant un programme électoral personnel. L'actuel président de l'Algérie, Abdelmadjid Tebboune s'est présenté en tant que candidat indépendant durant la campagne de l'élection présidentielle de 2019. Il reste cependant membre du comité central du FLN dont il est membre depuis les années 1970.
Ensemble de SmithDans les systèmes de vote, l'ensemble de Smith, nommé d'après John H. Smith, mais également connu sous le nom de cycle supérieur, ou comme GETCHA (Generalized Top-Choice Assumption en anglais), est le plus petit ensemble non vide de candidats dans une élection particulière de telle sorte que chaque membre bat chaque candidat en dehors de l'ensemble lors d'une élection par paires. L'ensemble de Smith fournit une norme de choix optimal pour un résultat électoral.
Vote par approbationLe vote par approbation ou vote par assentiment est un système de vote simple étudié et défendu par des théoriciens depuis les années 1970. Dans ce système l'électeur s'exprime sur chaque candidat en indiquant s'il le soutient ou non, et le candidat soutenu par le plus grand nombre est élu. Le vote par approbation fut utilisé dans la République de Venise au ainsi qu'au en Angleterre.
FairVoteFairVote, formerly the Center for Voting and Democracy, is a 501(c)(3) organization that advocates electoral reform in the United States. Founded in 1992 as Citizens for Proportional Representation to support the implementation of proportional representation in American elections, the organization in 1993 became the Center for Voting and Democracy and in 2004 changed its name to FairVote to reflect its support of such proposals as instant-runoff voting (IRV), for single and multi-winner elections, a national popular vote for president, a right-to-vote amendment to the Constitution, and universal voter registration.
Méthode de CondorcetLa méthode Condorcet (aussi appelée scrutin de Condorcet ou vote Condorcet) est un système de vote obéissant au principe de Condorcet qui s'énonce ainsi : Le vainqueur, s'il existe, est donc le candidat qui, comparé tour à tour à chacun des autres candidats, s’avère à chaque fois être le candidat préféré. Autrement dit, il bat tous les autres en duel. Un tel candidat est appelé vainqueur de Condorcet. Rien ne garantit la présence d'un candidat satisfaisant à ce critère de victoire : c'est le paradoxe de Condorcet.
Majority criterionThe majority criterion is a single-winner voting system criterion, used to compare such systems. The criterion states that "if one candidate is ranked first by a majority (more than 50%) of voters, then that candidate must win". Some methods that comply with this criterion include any Condorcet method, instant-runoff voting, Bucklin voting, and plurality voting.
