The Dionysian Mysteries were a ritual of ancient Greece and Rome which sometimes used intoxicants and other trance-inducing techniques (like dance and music) to remove inhibitions and social constraints, liberating the individual to return to a natural state. It also provided some liberation for men and women marginalized by Greek society, among which were slaves, outlaws, and non-citizens. In their final phase the Mysteries shifted their emphasis from a chthonic, underworld orientation to a transcendental, mystical one, with Dionysus changing his nature accordingly. By its nature as a mystery religion reserved for the initiated, many aspects of the Dionysian cult remain unknown and were lost with the decline of Greco-Roman polytheism; modern knowledge is derived from descriptions, imagery and cross-cultural studies.
The Dionysian Mysteries of mainland Greece and the Roman Empire are thought to have evolved from a more primitive initiatory cult of unknown origin (perhaps Thracian or Phrygian) which had spread throughout the Mediterranean region by the start of the Classical Greek period. Its spread was associated with the dissemination of wine, a sacrament or entheogen with which it appears always to have been closely associated (though mead may have been the original sacrament). Beginning as a simple rite, it evolved quickly within Greek culture into a popular mystery religion, which absorbed a variety of similar cults (and their gods) in a typically Greek synthesis across its territories; one late form was the Orphic Mysteries. However, all stages of this developmental spectrum appear to have continued in parallel throughout the eastern Mediterranean until late in Greek history and forcible Christianization.
Cult of Dionysus
The ecstatic cult of Dionysus was originally thought to be a late arrival in Greece from Thrace or Asia Minor, due to its popularity in both locations and Dionysus' non-integration into the Olympian Pantheon.
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vignette|Mort d'Orphée, stamnos à figures rouges d'Hermonax, , musée du Louvre (G 416). vignette|Orphée charmant les bêtes sauvages avec sa lyre, sarcophage du , musée archéologique de Thessalonique (Inv. 1246). Orphée (en grec ancien ) est un héros de la mythologie grecque, fils du roi de Thrace Œagre et de la muse Calliope. Poète et musicien (son instrument est la lyre), il était parfois considéré comme un prophète et a inspiré un mouvement religieux appelé « orphisme », qui était lié aux pythagoriciens et aux mystères dionysiaques.
The influence of wine in ancient Greece helped ancient Greece trade with neighboring countries and regions. Many mannerisms and cultural aspects were associated with wine. It led to great change in Ancient Greece as well. The peoples of the Mediterranean began to emerge from barbarism when they learned to cultivate the olive and the vine. The ancient Greeks pioneered new methods of viticulture and wine production that they shared with early winemaking communities in what are now France, Italy, Austria and Russia, as well as others, through trade and colonization.
Dans la Rome antique, le vin est une des boissons principales de la population. Le rapport au vin des Romains est différent de celui des Grecs. Le vin est consommé à chacun des repas, pendant le repas. Le vin courant est le vin de l'année, la conservation étant aléatoire. En contrepartie, les vins vieux sont valorisés, voire célébrés. Le banquet romain impose le service de vins considérés comme de bonne qualité, ainsi le vin de Falerne.