Efficacité biologique relativeL'efficacité biologique relative (EBR) est une mesure qui sert à comparer l'effet biologique de deux rayonnements. L'efficacité biologique relative des particules alpha, des produits de fission, des noyaux lourds, est 20 fois supérieure à celle des rayons X, des rayons gamma, des particules bêta et des muons, ce qui veut dire qu'il faut postuler que pour une quantité donnée d'énergie absorbée sous la forme de particules alpha (par exemple), les dégâts sur le corps seront 20 fois supérieurs à ceux causés par la même quantité d'énergie absorbée sous la forme de rayons gamma (par exemple), ce qui s'explique par la masse importante des particules alpha (noyaux d'hélium).
Point sourceA point source is a single identifiable localised source of something. A point source has negligible extent, distinguishing it from other source geometries. Sources are called point sources because in mathematical modeling, these sources can usually be approximated as a mathematical point to simplify analysis. The actual source need not be physically small, if its size is negligible relative to other length scales in the problem. For example, in astronomy, stars are routinely treated as point sources, even though they are in actuality much larger than the Earth.
Health threat from cosmic raysHealth threats from cosmic rays are the dangers posed by cosmic rays to astronauts on interplanetary missions or any missions that venture through the Van-Allen Belts or outside the Earth's magnetosphere. They are one of the greatest barriers standing in the way of plans for interplanetary travel by crewed spacecraft, but space radiation health risks also occur for missions in low Earth orbit such as the International Space Station (ISS).
Ionized-air glowIonized-air glow is the luminescent emission of characteristic blue–purple–violet light, often of a color called electric blue, by air subjected to an energy flux either directly or indirectly from solar radiation. When energy is deposited to air, the air molecules become excited. As air is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen, excited N2 and O2 molecules are produced. These can react with other molecules, forming mainly ozone and nitrogen(II) oxide.
ÉrythèmeL'érythème est la lésion dermatologique la plus courante; caractérisée par une rougeur congestive de la peau, diffuse ou localisée, s'effaçant à la vitropression (c'est-à-dire à l'appui, via notamment un verre de montre). Il s'agit généralement de la manifestation externe d'une vasodilatation, qui, quand elle est accompagnée d’une exsudation, confère à l’érythème un caractère faussement « papuleux ». Cette lésion élémentaire ne s'accompagne généralement pas d'autres modifications locales.
Boîte à gants (laboratoire)Une boîte à gants est une enceinte étanche qui permet des manipulations dans une atmosphère particulière. Des gants montant jusqu'aux épaules, fixés à une des parois, permettent d'accéder à l'intérieur sans que le confinement cesse. L'utilisateur place ses mains dans les gants et voit alors ses manipulations à travers la paroi transparente. Deux types existent selon qu'il s'agit de manipuler : de substances dangereuses, par exemple des agents pathogènes ou du matériel radioactif .
Nuclear flaskA nuclear flask is a shipping container that is used to transport active nuclear materials between nuclear power station and spent fuel reprocessing facilities. Each shipping container is designed to maintain its integrity under normal transportation conditions and during hypothetical accident conditions. They must protect their contents against damage from the outside world, such as impact or fire. They must also contain their contents from leakage, both for physical leakage and for radiological shielding.
Fluorure de lithiumLithium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula LiF. It is a colorless solid that transitions to white with decreasing crystal size. Although odorless, lithium fluoride has a bitter-saline taste. Its structure is analogous to that of sodium chloride, but it is much less soluble in water. It is mainly used as a component of molten salts. Partly because Li and F are both light elements, and partly because is highly reactive, formation of LiF from the elements releases one of the highest energies per mass of reactants, second only to that of BeO.
