In chemistry, π-effects or π-interactions are a type of non-covalent interaction that involves π systems. Just like in an electrostatic interaction where a region of negative charge interacts with a positive charge, the electron-rich π system can interact with a metal (cationic or neutral), an anion, another molecule and even another π system. Non-covalent interactions involving π systems are pivotal to biological events such as protein-ligand recognition.
The most common types of π-interactions involve:
Metal–π interactions: involves interaction of a metal and the face of a π system, the metal can be a cation (known as cation–π interactions) or neutral
Polar–π interactions: involves interaction of a polar molecule and quadrupole moment a π system.
Aromatic–aromatic interactions (π stacking): involves interactions of aromatic molecules with each other.
Arene–perfluoroarene interaction: electron-rich benzene ring interacts with electron-poor hexafluorobenzene.
π donor–acceptor interactions: interaction between low energy empty orbital (acceptor) and a high-energy filled orbital (donor).
Anion–π interactions: interaction of anion with π system
Cation–π interactions: interaction of a cation with a π system
C–H–π interactions: interaction of C-H with π system: These interactions are well studied using experimental as well as computational techniques.
Metal–π interactions play a major role in organometallics. Linear and cyclic π systems bond to metals allowing organic complexes to bond to metals.
Ethylene – π
In the most simple linear π systems, bonding to metals takes place by two interactions. Electron density is donated directly to the metal like a sigma bond would be formed. Also, the metal can donate electron density back to the linear π system (ethylene) from the metal’s d orbital to the empty π* orbital of ethylene.
Allyl–π
Allyl groups can bond to metals as trihapto or monohapto ligands. Monohapto ligands bind mostly sigma orbitals and trihapto ligands bind using delocalized π orbitals.
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droite|vignette| Trois conformations du dimère de benzène En chimie, l' empilement pi (également appelé empilement π – π ) fait référence à des interactions attractives et non-covalentes entre les cycles aromatiques, car ils contiennent des liaisons pi . Ces interactions sont importantes dans l'empilement de nucléobases dans les molécules d' ADN et d' ARN, le repliement des protéines, la synthèse dirigée par matrice, la science des matériaux et la reconnaissance moléculaire, bien que certaines recherches suggèrent que l'empilement pi peut ne pas être opérationnel dans certaines de ces applications.
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